Dior was a very important designer, he changed the way fashion was looked on the world but most importantly he reestablished Paris as a fashion capital. Cristobal Balenciaga: Cristobal Balenciaga a Spanish designer who opened his first couture house in 1915.
and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva accords and the division became permanent. The Chinese Civil War, which had started officially in 1927 and continued until the Second World War had ended on May 7, 1950.
In 1936, he went to Paris in order to avoid the Spanish Civil War, there he had inspiration for his fashion collections.
"Britain Speaks Out, 1937-87" (1989), Summaries of public opinion polls in Britain === United States === Dunar, Andrew J.
Despite this recovery, the Cold War developed from its modest beginnings in the late 1940s to a heated competition between the Soviet Union and the United States by the early 1960s.
The first few months had a deflationary hangover from the 1940s but the first full year ended with what looked like the beginnings of massive inflation with annual inflation rates ranging from 8% to 9% a year.
The MOSFET went on to become the most widely manufactured device in history. Television, which first reached the marketplace in the 1940s, attained maturity during the 1950s and by the end of the decade, most American households owned a TV set.
A rush to produce larger screens than the tiny ones found on 1940s models occurred during 1950–52.
Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s (2003), essays by scholars on recovery from the war Judt, Tony.
Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (2005) London Institute of World Affairs, The Year Book of World Affairs 1957 (London 1957), comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy, international affairs and politics for major nations and regions === Great Britain === Montgomery, John.
The most important designers from the time were: Christian Dior: everything started in 1947 after World War II was over.
The passing of the Act contributed significantly to the period of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa known as Apartheid, which lasted from 1948 to 1991.
Marines engaged in street fighting during the Korean War, circa late September 1950; The first polio vaccine is developed by Jonas Salk.Centre, L-R: US tests its first thermonuclear bomb with code name Ivy Mike in 1952.
The ideological clash between communism and capitalism dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, with conflicts including the Korean War in the early 1950s, the Cuban Revolution, the beginning of the Vietnam War in French Indochina, and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957.
The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia also took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade. == Politics and wars == ===Wars=== Cold War conflicts involving the influence of the rival superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States * Korean War (1950–1953) – The war, which lasted from June 25, 1950, until the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953, started as a civil war between North Korea and the Republic of Korea (South Korea).
Elsewhere the Belgian Congo and other African nations gained their independence from France, Belgium and the United Kingdom. Large-scale decolonization in Africa first began in the 1950s.
1956 saw Sudan, Morocco, and Tunisia become independent, and the next year Ghana became the first sub-saharan African nation to gain independence. === Prominent political events === European Common Market – The European Communities (or Common Markets), the precursor of the European Union, was established with the Treaty of Rome in 1957. On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists staged an attempted assassination on U.S.
Collazo, as a co-conspirator in a felony that turned into a homicide, was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to death in 1952 but then his sentence was later commuted to life in prison. On July 7, 1950, the first Group Areas Act was promulgated by the Parliament of South Africa and implemented over a period of several years.
Mao admired Stalin and rejected the changes in Moscow after Stalin's death in 1953, leading to growing tension with the Soviet Union. In 1950–1953 France tried to contain a growing communist insurgency led by Ho Chi Minh.
and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva accords and the division became permanent. The Chinese Civil War, which had started officially in 1927 and continued until the Second World War had ended on May 7, 1950.
It resulted in the previous incumbent government in China, the Republic of China, retreating to the islands of Taiwan and Hainan until the Landing Operation on Hainan Island. ==== Africa ==== Africa experienced the beginning of large-scale top-down economic interventions in the 1950s that failed to cause improvement and led to charitable exhaustion by the West as the century went on.
Nasser became an influential leader in the Middle East in the 1950s, leading Arab states into war with Israel, becoming a major leader of the Non-Aligned Movement and promoting pan-Arab unification. In 1957, Dr.
Ghana was hitherto referred to as Gold Coast, a colony of the British Empire. ==== Americas ==== In the 1950s, America was the center of covert and overt conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States.
This continued a pattern of regional revolution and warfare making extensive use of ground forces. In 1950, Greenland (27 May) became a Colony of the Kingdom of Denmark.
Most of the damage was centered in the Nagoya area. On December 2, 1959, Malpasset Dam in southern France collapsed and water flowed over the town of Fréjus, killing 412. Non-natural: On March 12, 1950, an Avro Tudor plane carrying a rugby team crashed in Wales, killing 80 people. In early December 1952, the Great Smog of London caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas, far more severely than previous smog events, called "pea-soupers".
Eisenhower. Inflation was moderate during the decade of the 1950s.
Bandaranaike was assassinated by a robed Buddhist monk as part of the Sinhalese-Tamil conflict. == Science and technology == === Technology === The recently invented [of the transistor|bipolar transistor], though initially quite feeble, had clear potential and was rapidly improved and developed at the beginning of the 1950s by companies such as GE, RCA, and Philco.
The MOSFET went on to become the most widely manufactured device in history. Television, which first reached the marketplace in the 1940s, attained maturity during the 1950s and by the end of the decade, most American households owned a TV set.
A rush to produce larger screens than the tiny ones found on 1940s models occurred during 1950–52.
The cells are known as HeLa cells and are the first and most commonly used immortalised cell line. First transistor computer, built at the University of Manchester in November 1953. == Popular culture == ===Music=== Popular music in the early 1950s was essentially a continuation of the crooner sound of the previous decade, with less emphasis on the jazz-influenced big band style and more emphasis on a conservative, operatic, symphonic style of music.
Crooners such as Eddie Fisher, Perry Como, and Patti Page, who had dominated the first half of the decade, found their access to the pop charts significantly curtailed by the decade's end. doo-wop entered the pop charts in the 1950s.
This event, combined with the conscription of Elvis Presley into the US Army, is often taken to mark the point where the era of 1950s rock-and-roll ended. === Television === The 1950s are known as The Golden Age of Television by some people.
Sales of TV sets rose tremendously in the 1950s and by 1950 4.4 million families in America had a television set.
"Television affects what we wear, the music we listen to, what we eat, and the news we receive." === Film === European cinema experienced a renaissance in the 1950s following the deprivations of World War II.
Jean Cocteau's Orphée, a film central to his Orphic Trilogy, starred Jean Marais and was released in 1950.
However, by the late 1950s Color Field painting and Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko's paintings became more in focus to the next generation. Pop art used the iconography of television, photography, comics, cinema and advertising.
With its roots in dadaism, it started to take form towards the end of the 1950s when some European artists started to make the symbols and products of the world of advertising and propaganda the main subject of their artistic work.
This return of figurative art, in opposition to the abstract expressionism that dominated the aesthetic scene since the end of World War II was dominated by Great Britain until the early 1960s when Andy Warhol, the most known artist of this movement began to show Pop Art in galleries in the United States. === Fashion === The 1950s saw the birth of the teenager and with it rock n roll and youth fashion dominating the fashion industry.
The 1950s was not only about spending on luxurious brands but also the idea of being comfortable was created.
It was a time where shopping was part of a lifestyle. Different designers emerged or made a comeback on the 1950s because as mention before it was a time for fashion and ideas.
In the 1950s and 1960s his designs were well known for attention to color and texture.
Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe During the 1940s and 1950s (2003), essays by scholars on recovery from the war Judt, Tony.
The Myth of the 1950s (2008) excerpt and text search Marling, Karal Ann.
As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Harvard University Press, 1996) 328 pp. Miller, Douglas T.
Social History of the United States: The 1950s (2008) Wills, Charles.
America in the 1950s (Decades of American History) (2005) == External links == Heroes of the 1950s – slideshow by Life magazine Footage from the 1950s 1950s Video Timeline 20th century
In 1951, Libya became the first African country to gain independence in the decade, and in 1954 the Algerian War began.
The first commercial transistor production started at the Western Electric plant in Allentown, Pennsylvania, in October, 1951 with the point contact germanium transistor.
Truman inaugurated transcontinental television service on September 4, 1951, when he made a speech to the nation.
Rosalind Franklin contributed to the discovery of the double helix structure. An immunization vaccine is produced for polio. The first successful ultrasound test of the heart activity. CERN is established. The world's first nuclear power plant is opened in Obninsk near Moscow. NASA is organized. The first human cervical cancer cells were cultured outside a body in 1951, from Henrietta Lacks.
Marines engaged in street fighting during the Korean War, circa late September 1950; The first polio vaccine is developed by Jonas Salk.Centre, L-R: US tests its first thermonuclear bomb with code name Ivy Mike in 1952.
Collazo, as a co-conspirator in a felony that turned into a homicide, was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to death in 1952 but then his sentence was later commuted to life in prison. On July 7, 1950, the first Group Areas Act was promulgated by the Parliament of South Africa and implemented over a period of several years.
Most of the damage was centered in the Nagoya area. On December 2, 1959, Malpasset Dam in southern France collapsed and water flowed over the town of Fréjus, killing 412. Non-natural: On March 12, 1950, an Avro Tudor plane carrying a rugby team crashed in Wales, killing 80 people. In early December 1952, the Great Smog of London caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas, far more severely than previous smog events, called "pea-soupers".
By 1952 inflation subsided.
Jo Stafford's "You Belong To Me" was the #1 song of 1952 on the Billboard Top 100 chart. The middle of the decade saw a change in the popular music landscape as classic pop was swept off the charts by rock-and-roll.
The beginning of decolonization in Africa and Asia also took place in this decade and accelerated in the following decade. == Politics and wars == ===Wars=== Cold War conflicts involving the influence of the rival superpowers of the Soviet Union and the United States * Korean War (1950–1953) – The war, which lasted from June 25, 1950, until the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement on July 27, 1953, started as a civil war between North Korea and the Republic of Korea (South Korea).
The first official large unit military action was on September 26, 1959, when the Viet Cong ambushed two ARVN companies. Arab–Israeli conflict (from the early 20th century) Project SUNSHINE, carried out in 1953, was a US government study that involved cutting out body parts from the dead, especially children, to ascertain the impact of radioactive fallout on the world's populace. Suez Crisis (1956) – The Suez Crisis was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956.
Mao admired Stalin and rejected the changes in Moscow after Stalin's death in 1953, leading to growing tension with the Soviet Union. In 1950–1953 France tried to contain a growing communist insurgency led by Ho Chi Minh.
North Greenland and South Greenland were united with one governor. In 1953, Greenland (5 June) was made an equal and integral part of Denmark (proper) as an Amt (country subdivision). In 1957, Dr.
In 1953, Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, died.
Townes builds the Maser in 1953 at the Columbia University. The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth on October 4, 1957. The United States conducts its first [bomb] explosion test. The invention of the modern Solar cell. The first Passenger jets enter service. The U.S.
The cells are known as HeLa cells and are the first and most commonly used immortalised cell line. First transistor computer, built at the University of Manchester in November 1953. == Popular culture == ===Music=== Popular music in the early 1950s was essentially a continuation of the crooner sound of the previous decade, with less emphasis on the jazz-influenced big band style and more emphasis on a conservative, operatic, symphonic style of music.
French rule ended in Algeria in 1958, Vietnam left French Indo-china in 1954.
In 1951, Libya became the first African country to gain independence in the decade, and in 1954 the Algerian War began.
After their defeat in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 France granted independence to the nations of Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
At the Geneva Conference of 1954 France and the Communists agreed to divide Vietnam and hold elections in 1956.
The United States CIA orchestrated the overthrow of the Guatemalan government in 1954.
It wasn't until around 1954 that transistor products began to achieve real commercial success with small portable radios. A breakthrough in semiconductor technology came with the invention of the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs, in November 1959.
In 1954, RCA intro Bell Telephone Labs produced the first Solar battery.
In 1954, a yard of contact paper could be purchased for only 59 cents.
Polypropylene was invented in 1954.
Estimates place Korean and Chinese casualties at 1,000,000–1,400,000 dead or wounded, and 140,000 MIA or POW. * The Vietnam War began in 1955.
One of the most famous uses of the Group Areas Act was the destruction of Sophiatown, a suburb of Johannesburg, which began on the 9th of February 1955. Establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement, through the Bandung Conference of 1955, consisting of nations not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. ==== Asia ==== The U.S.
1954 and 1955 flirted with deflation again but the remainder of the decade had moderate inflation ranging from 1% to 3.7%.
In 1955, Jonas Salk invented a polio vaccine which was given to more than seven million American students.
In 1955, Swedish director Ingmar Bergman earned a Jury Prize at the Cannes Film Festival with Smiles of a Summer Night and followed the film with masterpieces The Seventh Seal and Wild Strawberries.
He was creating different silhouettes for women, in 1955 he created the tunic, 1957 the sack dress and 1958 the Empire styles.
Diệm instituted a policy of death penalty against any communist activity in 1956.
The first official large unit military action was on September 26, 1959, when the Viet Cong ambushed two ARVN companies. Arab–Israeli conflict (from the early 20th century) Project SUNSHINE, carried out in 1953, was a US government study that involved cutting out body parts from the dead, especially children, to ascertain the impact of radioactive fallout on the world's populace. Suez Crisis (1956) – The Suez Crisis was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956.
Following the nationalisation of the Suez Canal in 1956 by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the United Kingdom, France and Israel subsequently invaded.
This was the beginning of decades of ethnic violence in the country, which culminated in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Hungarian Revolution of 1956 – A massive, spontaneous popular uprising in the Soviet satellite state of Hungary against that country's Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist regime, inspired by political changes in Poland and the Soviet Union.
At the Geneva Conference of 1954 France and the Communists agreed to divide Vietnam and hold elections in 1956.
In 1956, a solar powered wrist watch was invented. A surprise came in 1957: a satellite named Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviets.
Lee Thompson Andrzej Wajda Orson Welles Billy Wilder Robert Wise William Wyler === Musicians === Image:Fats Domino 1956.png|Fats Domino singing Blueberry Hill on The Alan Freed Show c.
Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (2005) London Institute of World Affairs, The Year Book of World Affairs 1957 (London 1957), comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy, international affairs and politics for major nations and regions === Great Britain === Montgomery, John.
The ideological clash between communism and capitalism dominated the decade, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, with conflicts including the Korean War in the early 1950s, the Cuban Revolution, the beginning of the Vietnam War in French Indochina, and the beginning of the Space Race with the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957.
The Viet Minh began an assassination campaign in early 1957.
The Federation of Malaya peacefully gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1957.
1956 saw Sudan, Morocco, and Tunisia become independent, and the next year Ghana became the first sub-saharan African nation to gain independence. === Prominent political events === European Common Market – The European Communities (or Common Markets), the precursor of the European Union, was established with the Treaty of Rome in 1957. On November 1, 1950, two Puerto Rican nationalists staged an attempted assassination on U.S.
Nasser became an influential leader in the Middle East in the 1950s, leading Arab states into war with Israel, becoming a major leader of the Non-Aligned Movement and promoting pan-Arab unification. In 1957, Dr.
North Greenland and South Greenland were united with one governor. In 1953, Greenland (5 June) was made an equal and integral part of Denmark (proper) as an Amt (country subdivision). In 1957, Dr.
In 1956, a solar powered wrist watch was invented. A surprise came in 1957: a satellite named Sputnik 1 was launched by the Soviets.
Townes builds the Maser in 1953 at the Columbia University. The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth on October 4, 1957. The United States conducts its first [bomb] explosion test. The invention of the modern Solar cell. The first Passenger jets enter service. The U.S.
He was creating different silhouettes for women, in 1955 he created the tunic, 1957 the sack dress and 1958 the Empire styles.
Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (2005) London Institute of World Affairs, The Year Book of World Affairs 1957 (London 1957), comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy, international affairs and politics for major nations and regions === Great Britain === Montgomery, John.
An article by French scholar Bernard Fall published in July 1958 concluded that a new war had begun.
French rule ended in Algeria in 1958, Vietnam left French Indo-china in 1954.
In 1958, the military dictatorship of Venezuela was overthrown.
51 people were killed and the Andrea Doria sank the next morning. On February 6, 1958, British European Airways Flight 609 crashed on its third attempt to take off from a slush-covered runway at Munich-Riem Airport in Munich, West Germany.
soccer team). On April 21, 1958, a mid-air collision between United Airlines Flight 736 and a USAF fighter jet killed 49 people. On August 14, 1958, a KLM Lockheed Constellation crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Ireland, killing all 99 people aboard. == Economics == The United States was the most influential economic power in the world after World War II under the presidency of Dwight D.
He was creating different silhouettes for women, in 1955 he created the tunic, 1957 the sack dress and 1958 the Empire styles.
The first official large unit military action was on September 26, 1959, when the Viet Cong ambushed two ARVN companies. Arab–Israeli conflict (from the early 20th century) Project SUNSHINE, carried out in 1953, was a US government study that involved cutting out body parts from the dead, especially children, to ascertain the impact of radioactive fallout on the world's populace. Suez Crisis (1956) – The Suez Crisis was a war fought on Egyptian territory in 1956.
The war eventually led to the independence of Algeria from France. === Internal conflicts === Cuban Revolution (1953–1959) – The 1959 overthrow of Fulgencio Batista by Fidel Castro, Che Guevara and other forces resulted in the creation of the first communist government in the Western hemisphere. The Mau Mau began retaliating against the British in Kenya.
This led to concentration camps in Kenya, a British military victory, and the election of moderate nationalist Jomo Kenyatta as leader of Kenya. The wind of destruction began in Rwanda in 1959 following the assault of Hutu politician Dominique Mbonyumutwa by Tutsi forces.
He later declared himself president for life, and ruled until his death in 1971. In 1959, Alaska (3 January) and Hawaii (21 August) became the 49th and 50th states respectively of the United States. In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, establishing a communist government in the country.
Most of the damage was centered in the Nagoya area. On December 2, 1959, Malpasset Dam in southern France collapsed and water flowed over the town of Fréjus, killing 412. Non-natural: On March 12, 1950, an Avro Tudor plane carrying a rugby team crashed in Wales, killing 80 people. In early December 1952, the Great Smog of London caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas, far more severely than previous smog events, called "pea-soupers".
It wasn't until around 1954 that transistor products began to achieve real commercial success with small portable radios. A breakthrough in semiconductor technology came with the invention of the MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor, by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs, in November 1959.
All featured tight vocal harmonies and a repertoire at least initially rooted in folk music and topical songs. On 3 February 1959, a chartered plane transporting the three American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and J.
Despite this recovery, the Cold War developed from its modest beginnings in the late 1940s to a heated competition between the Soviet Union and the United States by the early 1960s.
This return of figurative art, in opposition to the abstract expressionism that dominated the aesthetic scene since the end of World War II was dominated by Great Britain until the early 1960s when Andy Warhol, the most known artist of this movement began to show Pop Art in galleries in the United States. === Fashion === The 1950s saw the birth of the teenager and with it rock n roll and youth fashion dominating the fashion industry.
In the 1950s and 1960s his designs were well known for attention to color and texture.
He later declared himself president for life, and ruled until his death in 1971. In 1959, Alaska (3 January) and Hawaii (21 August) became the 49th and 50th states respectively of the United States. In 1959, Fidel Castro overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, establishing a communist government in the country.
The tragedy is later termed "The Day the Music Died", popularized in Don McLean's 1972 song "American Pie".
The passing of the Act contributed significantly to the period of institutionalised racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa known as Apartheid, which lasted from 1948 to 1991.
This was the beginning of decades of ethnic violence in the country, which culminated in the 1994 Rwandan Genocide. Hungarian Revolution of 1956 – A massive, spontaneous popular uprising in the Soviet satellite state of Hungary against that country's Soviet-backed Marxist-Leninist regime, inspired by political changes in Poland and the Soviet Union.
As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Harvard University Press, 1996) 328 pp. Miller, Douglas T.
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