The remark offended many Black people, who saw it as a clumsy attempt to win their votes. ===Debates=== There were four presidential debates and no vice presidential debates during the 1960 general election. The key turning point of the campaign came with the four Kennedy-Nixon debates; they were the first presidential debates ever (The Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858 had been the first for senators from Illinois), also the first held on television, and thus attracted enormous publicity.
Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913–1962 (1987) ch 25–26 Brands, Hal.
The 1960 presidential election was the closest election since 1916, and this closeness can be explained by a number of factors.
The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971.
In January 1942, while he was serving in the United States Navy, FBI surveillance records confirmed that he was having an affair with a woman named Inga Arvad; then, in 1958, a couple named Leonard and Florence Kater found out that their tenant, Pamela Turnure, a secretary in Kennedy's Senate office, had been having an affair with the soon-to-be president.
Roosevelt spent time at the rehabilitation facility and died there in 1945. In Warm Springs, Kennedy spoke to supporters at the facility and mentioned Roosevelt in his speech.
Nixon responded that, if elected, he would continue the "peace and prosperity" that Eisenhower had brought the nation in the 1950s.
He also noted in an October 18 speech that several senior US military officers had long criticized the Eisenhower Administration's defense spending policies. Both candidates also argued about the economy and ways in which they could increase the economic growth and prosperity of the 1950s and make it accessible to more people (especially minorities).
O'Brien recalled later that John Kennedy's words were wholly unexpected, but that after a brief consideration of the electoral vote situation, he thought "it was a stroke of genius". Norman Mailer attended the convention and wrote his famous profile of Kennedy, "Superman Comes to the Supermart," published in Esquire. ===Republican Party=== ====Republican candidates==== With the ratification of the 22nd Amendment in 1951, President Dwight D.
Johnson, the powerful Senate Majority Leader from Texas, and Adlai Stevenson, the party's nominee in 1952 and 1956, officially announced their candidacies (they had both privately been working for the nomination for some time).
Eisenhower could not run for the office of president again; he had been elected in 1952 and 1956. In 1959, it looked as if Vice President Richard Nixon might face a serious challenge for the Republican nomination from New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, the leader of the Republican moderate-liberal wing.
Presidential Elections, 1952–1960 (1974) online. Donaldson, Gary A.
Johnson, the powerful Senate Majority Leader from Texas, and Adlai Stevenson, the party's nominee in 1952 and 1956, officially announced their candidacies (they had both privately been working for the nomination for some time).
Eisenhower could not run for the office of president again; he had been elected in 1952 and 1956. In 1959, it looked as if Vice President Richard Nixon might face a serious challenge for the Republican nomination from New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, the leader of the Republican moderate-liberal wing.
Researchers found that Kennedy's appeal to African American voters appears to be largely responsible for his receiving more African-American votes than Adlai Stevenson in the 1956 election.
Interviewing people who voted in both 1956 and 1960, a University of Michigan team analyzing the election returns discovered that people who voted Democratic in 1956 split 33–6 for Kennedy, while the Republican voters of 1956 split 44–17 for Nixon.
The Democrats, in other words, did a better job of holding their 1956 supporters. Kennedy said that he saw the challenges ahead and needed the country's support to get through them.
The faithless Oklahoma elector voted for Barry Goldwater as vice president; the other 14 voted for Strom Thurmond as vice president. There were 537 electoral votes, up from 531 in 1956, because of the addition of two U.S.
Kennedy benefited from the economic recession of 1957–58, which hurt the standing of the incumbent Republican Party, and he had the advantage of 17 million more registered Democrats than Republicans.
In 1957, the Soviets had launched Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit Earth.
In January 1942, while he was serving in the United States Navy, FBI surveillance records confirmed that he was having an affair with a woman named Inga Arvad; then, in 1958, a couple named Leonard and Florence Kater found out that their tenant, Pamela Turnure, a secretary in Kennedy's Senate office, had been having an affair with the soon-to-be president.
Eisenhower could not run for the office of president again; he had been elected in 1952 and 1956. In 1959, it looked as if Vice President Richard Nixon might face a serious challenge for the Republican nomination from New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, the leader of the Republican moderate-liberal wing.
The 1960 United States presidential election was the 44th quadrennial presidential election.
It was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1960.
Senator from Massachusetts, established himself as the Democratic front-runner with his strong performance in the 1960 Democratic primaries, including a key victory in West Virginia over United States Senator Hubert Humphrey.
Johnson on the first presidential ballot of the 1960 Democratic National Convention, and asked Johnson to serve as his running mate.
The 1960 presidential election was the closest election since 1916, and this closeness can be explained by a number of factors.
Despite this, Kennedy's popular vote margin was the narrowest in the 20th century. ==Nominations== ===Democratic Party=== ====Democratic candidates==== The major candidates for the 1960 Democratic presidential nomination were United States Senator John F.
The first televised debate of 1960 was held in West Virginia, and Kennedy outperformed Humphrey.
As the Democratic Convention opened, Kennedy was far in the lead, but was still seen as being just short of the delegate total he needed to win. ====Democratic convention==== The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California.
on July 14, 1960, the morning after being nominated for president.
At the 1960 Republican National Convention in Chicago, Illinois, Nixon was the overwhelming choice of the delegates, with conservative Senator Barry Goldwater from Arizona receiving 10 votes from conservative delegates.
In August 1960, most polls gave Nixon a slim lead over Kennedy, and many political pundits regarded him as the favorite to win.
The remark offended many Black people, who saw it as a clumsy attempt to win their votes. ===Debates=== There were four presidential debates and no vice presidential debates during the 1960 general election. The key turning point of the campaign came with the four Kennedy-Nixon debates; they were the first presidential debates ever (The Lincoln–Douglas debates of 1858 had been the first for senators from Illinois), also the first held on television, and thus attracted enormous publicity.
The religious issue was so significant that Kennedy made a speech before the nation's newspaper editors in which he criticized the prominence they gave to the religious issue over other topics – especially in foreign policy – that he felt were of greater importance. To address fears among Protestants that his Roman Catholicism would impact his decision-making, Kennedy told the Greater Houston Ministerial Association on September 12, 1960, "I am not the Catholic candidate for president.
The same study conducted found that white voters were less influenced on the topic of civil rights than black voters in 1960.
In Cuba, the revolutionary regime of Fidel Castro, became a close ally of the Soviet Union in 1960, heightening fears of communist subversion in the Western Hemisphere.
Some historians criticize Nixon for not taking greater advantage of Eisenhower's popularity (which was around 60–65% throughout 1960 and on election day) and for not discussing the prosperous economy of the Eisenhower presidency more often in his campaign.
Aided by the Quemoy and Matsu issue, and by Eisenhower's support, Nixon began to gain momentum and by election day the polls indicated a virtual tie. ===Results=== The election was held on November 8, 1960.
Interviewing people who voted in both 1956 and 1960, a University of Michigan team analyzing the election returns discovered that people who voted Democratic in 1956 split 33–6 for Kennedy, while the Republican voters of 1956 split 44–17 for Nixon.
In his victory speech, he declared, "To all Americans, I say that the next four years are going to be difficult and challenging years for us all; that a supreme national effort will be needed to move this country safely through the 1960s.
The House of Representatives was temporarily expanded from 435 members to 437 to accommodate this, and went back to 435 when reapportioned according to the 1960 census.
The reapportionment took place after the 1960 election. Source (Popular Vote): Note: Sullivan / Curtis ran only in Texas.
"Burying Theodore White: Recent Accounts of the 1960 Presidential Election." (2010) 40#2 : 364–367.
Nixon, 1960 (Oxford UP, 2009) 261 pp. Divine, Robert A.
The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).
Larry, "Billy Graham: The Evangelical in Politics, 1960s-Style," in Peter Bien and Chuck Fager, eds.
Johnson November 1960 events in the United States Articles containing video clips
Three Chicago election workers were convicted of voter fraud in 1962 and served short terms in jail.
More than a month after the election, the Republican National Committee abandoned its Illinois voter fraud claims. An academic study in 1985 later analyzed the ballots of two disputed precincts in Chicago which were subject to a recount.
In Stillness there is Fullness: A Peacemaker's Harvest, (Kimo Press, 2000) ===Primary sources=== Gallup, George H., ed.
The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).
Nixon, 1960 (Oxford UP, 2009) 261 pp. Divine, Robert A.
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