Japan would rank as the world's second-largest economy until 1994 when the European Economic Area (18 countries under a single market) came into effect. In the US, the average annual inflation rate from 1900 to 1970 was approximately 2.5%.
This was a break from the intellectual serial music in the tradition of Schoenberg, which lasted from the early 1900s to 1960s. The 1970s also saw artists from Motown records become popular across the globe.
Although there was no severe economic depression as witnessed in the 1930s, economic growth rates were considerably lower than previous decades.
Adult movie theaters, which had exploded in numbers during the 1970s and were widely seen as a symptom of urban decay in the US, declined as pornographic movies would largely shift to VHS tapes during the succeeding decade. ====Crime and urban decay==== Crime rates in the US had been low from the 1940s until the mid-1960s, but began to escalate after 1965 due to a complex of social, economic, and demographic factors.
Most existing programs still operated on paradigms established in the 1950s, and some shows had literally been on the air since the dawn of TV broadcasting in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
As a result, the 1970s adversely distinguished itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1973.
The economic problems of the 1970s would result in a sluggish cynicism replacing the optimistic attitudes of the 1950s and 1960s and a distrust of government and technology.
Most existing programs still operated on paradigms established in the 1950s, and some shows had literally been on the air since the dawn of TV broadcasting in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
Shows that had low ratings or insufficient youth appeal were cancelled as networks scrambled to attract the large baby boomer audience. To reflect the new social trends, television changed dramatically with more urban and edgy settings, and replaced the popular rural/country wholesome look of the 1950s and 1960s, seen as outmoded and unable to connect with young, educated urban audiences.
In the Western world, social progressive values that began in the 1960s, such as increasing political awareness and economic liberty of women, continued to grow.
The term describes a general new attitude of Americans towards atomized individualism and away from communitarianism, in clear contrast with the 1960s. In Asia, affairs regarding the People's Republic of China changed significantly following the recognition of the PRC by the United Nations, the death of Mao Zedong and the beginning of market liberalization by Mao's successors.
The economic problems of the 1970s would result in a sluggish cynicism replacing the optimistic attitudes of the 1950s and 1960s and a distrust of government and technology.
Biodiversity became a cause of major concern as habitat destruction, and Stephen Jay Gould's theory of punctuated equilibrium revolutionized evolutionary thought. ====Space exploration==== As the 1960s ended, the United States had made two successful manned lunar landings.
Kennedy's goal of landing on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, there was no need for further missions.
Both Indira Gandhi and Margaret Thatcher would remain important political figures in the following decade in the 1980s. ===Social movements=== ====Anti-war protests==== The opposition to the War in Vietnam that began in the 1960s grew exponentially during the early 1970s.
This event caused disbelief and shock throughout the country and became a staple of anti-Vietnam demonstrations. ====Environmentalism==== The 1970s started a mainstream affirmation of the environmental issues early activists from the 1960s, such as Rachel Carson and Murray Bookchin, had warned of.
On April 22, 1970, the United States celebrated its first Earth Day, in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools participated. ====Sexual Revolution==== The 1960s counterculture movement had rapidly undone many existing social taboos, and divorce, extramarital sex, and homosexuality were increasingly accepted in the Western world.
In 1972, the US Supreme Court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional, then reversed the ruling only four years later. ====Feminism==== The Second-Wave Feminist Movement in the United States, which had begun in the 1960s, carried over to the 1970s, and took a prominent role within society.
The results of the movement included a new awareness of such issues among women, and unprecedented numbers of women elected to public office, particularly the United States Senate. ====Civil rights==== The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s began to fracture in the 1970s, as social groups began defining themselves more by their differences than by their universalities.
This was a break from the intellectual serial music in the tradition of Schoenberg, which lasted from the early 1900s to 1960s. The 1970s also saw artists from Motown records become popular across the globe.
His 1973 televised concert, Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite, aired in over 40 countries in Europe and Asia, as well as the United States, making it one of the most popular concert events of the decade. The second half of the decade saw the rise of punk rock, when a spate of fresh, young rock groups playing stripped-down hard rock came to prominence at a time when most of the artists associated with the 1960s to early 1970s were in creative decline.
Shows that had low ratings or insufficient youth appeal were cancelled as networks scrambled to attract the large baby boomer audience. To reflect the new social trends, television changed dramatically with more urban and edgy settings, and replaced the popular rural/country wholesome look of the 1950s and 1960s, seen as outmoded and unable to connect with young, educated urban audiences.
In August, Paul VI, who had ruled since 1963, died.
Adult movie theaters, which had exploded in numbers during the 1970s and were widely seen as a symptom of urban decay in the US, declined as pornographic movies would largely shift to VHS tapes during the succeeding decade. ====Crime and urban decay==== Crime rates in the US had been low from the 1940s until the mid-1960s, but began to escalate after 1965 due to a complex of social, economic, and demographic factors.
It was an inductee of the 2001 National Film Registry list. ===Television=== ====United Kingdom==== In the United Kingdom, colour channels were now available; three stations had begun broadcasting in colour between 1967 and 1969.
With the April 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
and June 1968 assassination of Robert F.
It was an inductee of the 2001 National Film Registry list. ===Television=== ====United Kingdom==== In the United Kingdom, colour channels were now available; three stations had begun broadcasting in colour between 1967 and 1969.
The crisis saw the first instance of stagflation which began a political and economic trend of the replacement of Keynesian economic theory with neoliberal economic theory, with the first neoliberal governments being created in Chile, where a military coup led by Augusto Pinochet took place in 1973. Novelist Tom Wolfe coined the term " 'Me' decade" in his essay "The 'Me' Decade and the Third Great Awakening", published by New York Magazine in August 1976 referring to the 1970s.
In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which led to an ongoing war for ten years. The 1970s saw an initial increase in violence in the Middle East as Egypt and Syria declared war on Israel, but in the late 1970s, the situation in the Middle East was fundamentally altered when Egypt signed the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty.
The continent was, however, plagued by endemic military coups, with the long-reigning Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie being removed, civil wars and famine. The economies of much of the developing world continued to make steady progress in the early 1970s because of the Green Revolution.
In 1970, radical Quebec nationalist and Marxist militants of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ) kidnapped the Quebec labour minister Pierre Laporte and British Trade Commissioner James Cross during the October Crisis, resulting in Laporte being killed, and the enactment of martial law in Canada under the War Measures Act, resulting in a campaign by the Canadian government which arrests suspected FLQ supporters.
Lévesque's government pursues an agenda to secede Quebec from Canada by democratic means and strengthen Francophone Québécois culture in the late 1970s, such as the controversial Charter of the French Language more commonly known in Quebec and Canada as "Bill 101". Martial law was declared in the Philippines on September 21, 1972, by President Ferdinand Marcos. In Cambodia, the communist leader Pol Pot led a revolution against the American-backed government of Lon Nol.
Radical American groups existed as well, such as the Weather Underground and the Symbionese Liberation Army, but they never achieved the size or strength of their European counterparts. On September 6, 1970, the world witnessed the beginnings of modern rebellious fighting in what is today called as Skyjack Sunday.
The current Spanish Constitution was signed in 1978. In 1972, Erich Honecker was chosen to lead East Germany, a role he would fill for the whole of the 1970s and 1980s.
By the end of the 1970s, signs of social and economic stagnation were becoming very pronounced. Enver Hoxha's rule in Albania was characterized in the 1970s by growing isolation, first from a very public schism with the Soviet Union the decade before, and then by a split in friendly relations with China in 1978.
He was overthrown two years later and went into exile. ==Disasters== ===Natural disasters=== On January 5, 1970, the 7.1 Tonghai earthquake shakes Tonghai County, Yunnan province, China, with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme).
Between 10,000 and 14,621 were killed and 26,783 were injured. On May 31, 1970, the 1970 Ancash earthquake caused a landslide that buried the town of Yungay, Peru; more than 47,000 people were killed.
"Essay on Super Cyclone in Orissa" The 1970 Bhola cyclone, a 120-mph (193 km/h) tropical cyclone, hit the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) on November 12 and 13, 1970, killing an estimated 500,000 people.
Over half the world's population in the 1970s lived under a repressive dictatorship.
This consequently saw the duality of transition of diverse interaction across social communities amid increasing information blockade across social class. Other common global ethos of the 1970s world included increasingly flexible and varied gender roles for women in industrialized societies.
As a result, the 1970s adversely distinguished itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1973.
In 1970, Japan overtook West Germany to become the world's second-largest economy.
Japan would rank as the world's second-largest economy until 1994 when the European Economic Area (18 countries under a single market) came into effect. In the US, the average annual inflation rate from 1900 to 1970 was approximately 2.5%.
From 1970 to 1979, however, the average rate was 7.06%, and topped out at 13.29% in December 1979.
was $23,450 in 1970 up to $68,700 by 1980.
The economic problems of the 1970s would result in a sluggish cynicism replacing the optimistic attitudes of the 1950s and 1960s and a distrust of government and technology.
Their abundance of cheap labor, combined with educational and other policy reforms, set the foundation for development in the region during the 1970s and beyond. ===Oil crisis=== Economically, the 1970s were marked by the energy crisis which peaked in 1973 and 1979 (see 1973 oil crisis and 1979 oil crisis).
As a result, ecological awareness rose substantially, which had a major effect on the economy. ==Science and technology== ===Science=== The 1970s witnessed an explosion in the understanding of solid-state physics, driven by the development of the integrated circuit, and the laser.
The Moon landings continued through 1972, but the near loss of the Apollo 13 mission in April 1970 served to further anti-NASA feelings.
Many of the ambitious projects NASA had planned for the 1970s were canceled amid heavy budget cutbacks, and instead it would devote most of the decade to the development of the Space Shuttle.
The European Space Agency was founded during the decade as well. ====Biology==== The second generation of face lifts were first attempted in the 1970s, popularizing the procedure for millions. The first MRI image was published in 1973. César Milstein and Georges Köhler reported their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science. Carl Woese and George E.
In 1976, Conrail was formed to take over assets of six bankrupt freight railroads in the northeastern US. ====Automobiles==== The 1970s was an era of fuel price increases, rising insurance rates, safety concerns, and emissions controls.
from the early 1970s are noted more for their power than their styling, but they even lost their power by Malaise era of the late-1970s.
Styling on American cars became progressively more boxy and rectilinear during the 1970s, with coupes being the most popular body style.
Big Three to subcompact sized model (the Gremlin) in 1970, but its fortunes declined throughout the decade, forcing it into a partnership with the French automaker Renault in 1979. European car design underwent major changes during the 1970s due to the need for performance with high fuel efficiency—designs such as the Volkswagen Golf and Passat, BMW 3, 5, and 7 series, and Mercedes-Benz S-Class appeared at the latter half of the decade.
The 1970s also saw the decline and practical failure of the British car industry—a combination of militant strikes and poor quality control effectively halted development at British Leyland, owner of all other British car companies during the 1970s. The Japanese automobile industry flourished during the 1970s, compared to other major auto markets.
Both Indira Gandhi and Margaret Thatcher would remain important political figures in the following decade in the 1980s. ===Social movements=== ====Anti-war protests==== The opposition to the War in Vietnam that began in the 1960s grew exponentially during the early 1970s.
In 1970, university students were protesting the war and the draft.
However, by 4 May 1970, tensions arose again, and as the crowd grew larger, the National Guard started shooting.
This event caused disbelief and shock throughout the country and became a staple of anti-Vietnam demonstrations. ====Environmentalism==== The 1970s started a mainstream affirmation of the environmental issues early activists from the 1960s, such as Rachel Carson and Murray Bookchin, had warned of.
On April 22, 1970, the United States celebrated its first Earth Day, in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools participated. ====Sexual Revolution==== The 1960s counterculture movement had rapidly undone many existing social taboos, and divorce, extramarital sex, and homosexuality were increasingly accepted in the Western world.
Child erotica found a niche market, but would eventually be banned under child pornography laws in the 1980s to 1990s. The market for adult entertainment in the 1970s was large, and driven in part by the sizable baby boomer population, and the 1972 movie Behind the Green Door, an X-rated feature, became one of the top-grossing films of the year.
Adult movie theaters, which had exploded in numbers during the 1970s and were widely seen as a symptom of urban decay in the US, declined as pornographic movies would largely shift to VHS tapes during the succeeding decade. ====Crime and urban decay==== Crime rates in the US had been low from the 1940s until the mid-1960s, but began to escalate after 1965 due to a complex of social, economic, and demographic factors.
By the 1970s, crime and blighted urban areas were a serious cause of concern, New York City being particularly affected.
In 1972, the US Supreme Court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional, then reversed the ruling only four years later. ====Feminism==== The Second-Wave Feminist Movement in the United States, which had begun in the 1960s, carried over to the 1970s, and took a prominent role within society.
The fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (which legalized female suffrage) in 1970 was commemorated by the Women's Strike for Equality and other protests. 1971 saw Erin Pizzey establish the world's first domestic violence shelter in Chiswick, London and Pizzey and her colleagues opened further facilities throughout the next few years.
The results of the movement included a new awareness of such issues among women, and unprecedented numbers of women elected to public office, particularly the United States Senate. ====Civil rights==== The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s began to fracture in the 1970s, as social groups began defining themselves more by their differences than by their universalities.
The feminist movement also splintered from a larger push for Civil Rights in the 1970s.
Similarly, the gay movement made a huge step forward in the 1970s with the election of political figures such as Harvey Milk to public office and the advocating of anti-gay discrimination legislation passed and not passed during the decade.
The Beatles disbanded in 1970, but each member of the band immediately released a highly successful solo album, and Paul McCartney especially would remain extremely popular throughout the decade.
Singer-songwriters such as Elton John, James Taylor and Jackson Browne also came into vogue during the early 1970s. The 1970s saw the rapid commercialization of rock music, and by mid-decade there were a spate of bands derisively dubbed "corporate rock" due to the notion that they had been created by record labels to produce simplistic, radio-friendly songs that offered clichés rather than meaningful lyrics.
This was a break from the intellectual serial music in the tradition of Schoenberg, which lasted from the early 1900s to 1960s. The 1970s also saw artists from Motown records become popular across the globe.
Hard rock and Heavy metal also emerged among British bands Led Zeppelin, Queen, The Who, Black Sabbath, UFO, Deep Purple, Uriah Heep, and Judas Priest. Australian band AC/DC also found its hard-rock origins in the early 1970s and its breakthrough in 1979's Highway to Hell, while popular American rock bands included Aerosmith, Lynyrd Skynyrd and shock rockers Alice Cooper, Blue Öyster Cult, and Kiss, and guitar-oriented Ted Nugent and Van Halen.
His 1973 televised concert, Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite, aired in over 40 countries in Europe and Asia, as well as the United States, making it one of the most popular concert events of the decade. The second half of the decade saw the rise of punk rock, when a spate of fresh, young rock groups playing stripped-down hard rock came to prominence at a time when most of the artists associated with the 1960s to early 1970s were in creative decline.
YMO also introduced the microprocessor-based Roland MC-8 sequencer and TR-808 rhythm machine to popular music. In the first half of the 1970s, many jazz musicians from the Miles Davis school achieved cross-over success through jazz-rock fusion with bands like Weather Report, Return to Forever, The Headhunters and The Mahavishnu Orchestra who also influenced this genre and many others.
Towards the end of the decade, Jamaican reggae music, already popular in the Caribbean and Africa since the early 1970s, became very popular in the U.S.
At the end of the 1970s, popular songs like "Rapper's Delight" by Sugarhill Gang gave hip hop a wider audience.
Hip hop was also influenced by the song "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised" by Gil Scott-Heron. Country music also continued to increase in popularity in the 1970s.
The genre also became more involved in Hollywood toward the end of the decade, with country-themed action films such as Smokey and the Bandit and Every Which Way But Loose, a trend that continued into the early 80s with Urban Cowboy and Bronco Billy. A major event in music in the early 1970s was the deaths of popular rock stars Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, and Jim Morrison, all at the age of 27.
Kramer (1979). The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): Star Wars, Jaws, Grease, The Exorcist, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Superman, The Godfather, Saturday Night Fever, Rocky, and Jaws 2. Two of these movies came out on the same day, June 16, 1978. In 1970s European cinema, the failure of the Prague Spring brought about nostalgic motion pictures such as István Szabó's Szerelmesfilm (1970).
The movies of the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman reached a new level of expression in motion pictures like Cries and Whispers (1973). Car chase movies also became a popular film genre of the 1970s with such films as Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry in 1974, and perhaps the genre's most popular film Smokey and the Bandit in 1977. Asian cinema of the 1970s catered to the rising middle class fantasies and struggles.
Another Asian touchstone beginning in the early 1970s was Hong Kong martial arts film which sparked a greater interest in Chinese martial arts around the world.
Martial arts film reached the peak of its popularity largely in part due to its greatest icon, Bruce Lee. During the 1970s, Hollywood continued the New Hollywood revolution of the late-1960s with young film-makers.
Many advertising trends of the 1970s also reflected this growing social consciousness trend, such as with Coca-Cola's "Give the World a Coke" and McDonalds "You Deserve a Break" campaigns. The women's movement ushered in a slew of programming featuring strong, independent females as central characters.
Most notable was The Mary Tyler Moore Show, which spawned the successful spin-offs Rhoda and Phyllis, and also resulted in Mary Tyler Moore becoming the first female to head a television production company of her own, MTM Enterprises, which churned out groundbreaking programming in the late 1970s throughout the 1990s.
Women were also established portraying action characters in programs like Police Woman, Wonder Woman, The Bionic Woman, and others. Minority-centric television programming also featured prominently during the 1970s.
Replacing westerns were police and detective shows, a trend that would last through the 1980s. Television still had its medical shows of the 1970s, however, Emergency! was the first popular medical drama ever to feature both the paramedic program as well as the hospital emergency department, which also encouraged future people in the United States to develop their own paramedic program or hospital emergency department, and acted as an inspiration for many individuals.
Distrust between the revolutionaries and Western powers led to the Iran hostage crisis on November 4, 1979, where 66 diplomats, mainly from the United States, were held captive for 444 days. Growing internal tensions take place in Yugoslavia beginning with the Croatian Spring movement in 1971 which demands greater decentralization of power to the constituent republics of Yugoslavia.
Albania normalized relations with Yugoslavia in 1971, and attempted trade agreements with other European nations, but was met with vocal disapproval by the United Kingdom and United States. 1978 would become known as the "Year of Three Popes".
The storm remains to date the deadliest tropical cyclone in world history. On October 29, 1971, the 1971 Odisha cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, in the Indian state of Odisha, killed 10,000 people. June, 1972, Hurricane Agnes hit the east coast of the United States, resulting in 128 deaths and causing over $2.1 Billion in damage. On April 3, 1974, the 1974 Super Outbreak occurred in the U.S.
There were no survivors. On July 30, 1971, All Nippon Airways Flight 58 collided with a JASDF fighter plane, killing all 162 on board.
By then, however, they had already begun Salyut, the world's first space station program, which began in 1971.
This would have problems of its own, especially the tragic loss of the Soyuz 11 crew in July 1971 and the near-loss of the Soyuz 18a crew during launch in April 1975.
Hoffman and fellow scientist Michael Phelps cell phones, with the first call transmitted in 1973, Martin Cooper of Motorola car phone services, first available in Finland in 1971 in form of the zero-generation ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, or Car Radiophone) service Apple Computer Company, founded in 1976 ====Rail==== British Rail introduced high-speed trains on InterCity services.
The high speed trains ran at speeding up journeys between towns and cities and is still known as the InterCity 125. Amtrak was formed in the United States in 1971, assuming responsibility for inter-city passenger operations throughout the country.
Many celebrities, including Freddie Mercury and Andy Warhol, also "came out" during this decade, bringing gay culture further into the limelight. ====Youth suffrage==== The Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on July 1, 1971, lowering the voting age for all federal and state elections from 21 years to 18 years.
Lévesque's government pursues an agenda to secede Quebec from Canada by democratic means and strengthen Francophone Québécois culture in the late 1970s, such as the controversial Charter of the French Language more commonly known in Quebec and Canada as "Bill 101". Martial law was declared in the Philippines on September 21, 1972, by President Ferdinand Marcos. In Cambodia, the communist leader Pol Pot led a revolution against the American-backed government of Lon Nol.
The current Spanish Constitution was signed in 1978. In 1972, Erich Honecker was chosen to lead East Germany, a role he would fill for the whole of the 1970s and 1980s.
US president Richard Nixon visited the country in 1972, restoring relations between the two countries, although diplomatic ties were not established until 1979.
The storm remains to date the deadliest tropical cyclone in world history. On October 29, 1971, the 1971 Odisha cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, in the Indian state of Odisha, killed 10,000 people. June, 1972, Hurricane Agnes hit the east coast of the United States, resulting in 128 deaths and causing over $2.1 Billion in damage. On April 3, 1974, the 1974 Super Outbreak occurred in the U.S.
The JASDF pilot survived. On December 29, 1972, Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 crashed in the Florida Everglades while its crew was distracted.
The Moon landings continued through 1972, but the near loss of the Apollo 13 mission in April 1970 served to further anti-NASA feelings.
NASA had planned for a Shuttle mission to the space station, but the shuttles were not ready to fly until 1981, too late to save it. Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed in their attempt at manned lunar landings, canceled the program in 1972.
Japan launched a satellite for the first time in 1972.
Boies in 1973 e-commerce, invented in 1979 by Michael Aldrich DiscoVision in 1978, the first commercial optical disc storage medium positron emission tomography, invented in 1972 by Edward J.
Child erotica found a niche market, but would eventually be banned under child pornography laws in the 1980s to 1990s. The market for adult entertainment in the 1970s was large, and driven in part by the sizable baby boomer population, and the 1972 movie Behind the Green Door, an X-rated feature, became one of the top-grossing films of the year.
In 1972, the US Supreme Court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional, then reversed the ruling only four years later. ====Feminism==== The Second-Wave Feminist Movement in the United States, which had begun in the 1960s, carried over to the 1970s, and took a prominent role within society.
The crisis saw the first instance of stagflation which began a political and economic trend of the replacement of Keynesian economic theory with neoliberal economic theory, with the first neoliberal governments being created in Chile, where a military coup led by Augusto Pinochet took place in 1973. Novelist Tom Wolfe coined the term " 'Me' decade" in his essay "The 'Me' Decade and the Third Great Awakening", published by New York Magazine in August 1976 referring to the 1970s.
One major initiative was removing the Western monopoly on oil, which later during the high prices of 1973 oil crisis would help Hussein's ambitious plans.
101 people died in the accident while 75 survived. On January 22, 1973, an Alia Boeing 707, chartered by Nigeria Airways, crashed upon landing at Nigeria's Kano Airport after one of its landing gear struts collapsed.
As a result, the 1970s adversely distinguished itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1973.
The oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 added to the existing ailments and conjured high inflation throughout much of the world for the rest of the decade.
Faith in government was at an all-time low in the aftermath of Vietnam and Watergate, as exemplified by the low voter turnout in the 1976 United States presidential election. There was also the 1973–74 stock market crash. Great Britain also experienced considerable economic turmoil during the decade as outdated industries proved unable to compete with Japanese and German wares.
Their abundance of cheap labor, combined with educational and other policy reforms, set the foundation for development in the region during the 1970s and beyond. ===Oil crisis=== Economically, the 1970s were marked by the energy crisis which peaked in 1973 and 1979 (see 1973 oil crisis and 1979 oil crisis).
After the first oil shock in 1973, gasoline was rationed in many countries.
Plans for missions up to Apollo 20 were canceled, and the remaining Apollo and Saturn hardware was used for the Skylab space station program in 1973–1974, and for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), which was carried out in July 1975.
The European Space Agency was founded during the decade as well. ====Biology==== The second generation of face lifts were first attempted in the 1970s, popularizing the procedure for millions. The first MRI image was published in 1973. César Milstein and Georges Köhler reported their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate monoclonal antibodies, effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science. Carl Woese and George E.
Boies in 1973 e-commerce, invented in 1979 by Michael Aldrich DiscoVision in 1978, the first commercial optical disc storage medium positron emission tomography, invented in 1972 by Edward J.
Hoffman and fellow scientist Michael Phelps cell phones, with the first call transmitted in 1973, Martin Cooper of Motorola car phone services, first available in Finland in 1971 in form of the zero-generation ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, or Car Radiophone) service Apple Computer Company, founded in 1976 ====Rail==== British Rail introduced high-speed trains on InterCity services.
The 1973 oil crisis caused a move towards smaller, fuel-efficient vehicles.
Japanese vehicles became internationally renowned for their affordability, reliability, and fuel-efficiency, which was very important to many customers after the oil crisis of 1973.
The Honda Civic was introduced in 1973, and sold well due to its high fuel-efficiency.
In addition, the Supreme Court's 1973 decision of Roe v.
His 1973 televised concert, Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite, aired in over 40 countries in Europe and Asia, as well as the United States, making it one of the most popular concert events of the decade. The second half of the decade saw the rise of punk rock, when a spate of fresh, young rock groups playing stripped-down hard rock came to prominence at a time when most of the artists associated with the 1960s to early 1970s were in creative decline.
President Richard Nixon doing the V for Victory sign after his resignation from office following the Watergate scandal in 1974; The United States was still involved in the Vietnam War in the early decade.
In addition, the 1974 Constitution consolidated Tito's dictatorship by proclaiming him president-for-life.
The 1974 Constitution would become resented by Serbs and began a gradual escalation of ethnic tensions. ===Coups=== The most prominent coups d'état of the decade include: 1970 – Coup in Syria, led by Hafez al-Assad. 1971 – Military coup in Uganda led by Idi Amin. 1973 – Coup d'état in Chile on September 11th, Salvador Allende was overthrown and killed in a military attack on the presidential palace.
The storm remains to date the deadliest tropical cyclone in world history. On October 29, 1971, the 1971 Odisha cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, in the Indian state of Odisha, killed 10,000 people. June, 1972, Hurricane Agnes hit the east coast of the United States, resulting in 128 deaths and causing over $2.1 Billion in damage. On April 3, 1974, the 1974 Super Outbreak occurred in the U.S.
producing 148 tornadoes and killing a total of 330 people. On December 24, 1974, Cyclone Tracy devastated the Australian city of Darwin. Bangladesh famine of 1974 — Official records claim a death toll of 26,000.
176 of the 202 people on board perished, leaving 26 survivors. On March 3, 1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashed in northern France after a cargo hatch blowout, killing all 346 people aboard. On April 4, 1975, the rear loading ramp on a USAF Lockheed C-5 Galaxy blew open mid-flight, causing explosive decompression that crippled the aircraft.
This work inspired similar networks of safe houses for female victims of abuse in other countries, with the first shelter in continental Europe opening in Amsterdam in 1974. With the anthology Sisterhood is Powerful and other works, such as Sexual Politics, being published at the start of the decade, feminism started to reach a larger audience than ever before.
The movies of the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman reached a new level of expression in motion pictures like Cries and Whispers (1973). Car chase movies also became a popular film genre of the 1970s with such films as Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry in 1974, and perhaps the genre's most popular film Smokey and the Bandit in 1977. Asian cinema of the 1970s catered to the rising middle class fantasies and struggles.
Political tensions in Iran exploded with the Iranian Revolution in 1979, which overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty and established an authoritarian Islamic republic under the leadership of the Ayatollah Khomeini. Africa saw further decolonization in the decade, with Angola and Mozambique gaining their independence in 1975 from the Portuguese Empire after the restoration of democracy in Portugal.
However, their economic growth was slowed by the oil crisis, although it boomed afterwards. ==Politics and wars== ===Wars=== The most notable wars and/or other conflicts of the decade include: The Cold War (1945–1991) * The Vietnam War came to a close in 1975 with the fall of Saigon and the unconditional surrender of South Vietnam on April 30, 1975.
On April 17, 1975, Pot's forces captured Phnom Penh, the capital, two years after America had halted the bombings of their positions.
Pinochet would remain the dictator of Chile until 1990. Suriname was granted independence from the Netherlands on November 25, 1975. In Guyana, the Rev.
176 of the 202 people on board perished, leaving 26 survivors. On March 3, 1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981 crashed in northern France after a cargo hatch blowout, killing all 346 people aboard. On April 4, 1975, the rear loading ramp on a USAF Lockheed C-5 Galaxy blew open mid-flight, causing explosive decompression that crippled the aircraft.
153 were killed in the incident while 175 survived. On November 10, 1975, the U.S.
Arthur Bremer was sentenced to the Maryland Correctional Institute, and would later be released in 2007. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President of Bangladesh, and almost his entire family was assassinated in the early hours of August 15, 1975, when a group of Bangladesh Army personnel went to his residence and killed him, during a coup d'état. U.S.
manufacturing industries began to decline as a result, with the United States running its last trade surplus () in 1975.
Plans for missions up to Apollo 20 were canceled, and the remaining Apollo and Saturn hardware was used for the Skylab space station program in 1973–1974, and for the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), which was carried out in July 1975.
This would have problems of its own, especially the tragic loss of the Soyuz 11 crew in July 1971 and the near-loss of the Soyuz 18a crew during launch in April 1975.
By 1975 Toyota overtook Volkswagen as the top-selling imported automobile brand in the U.S., with over a million cars sold per year by this point.
The Godfather (1972) was also one of the decade's greatest successes and its first follow-up, The Godfather Part II (1974) was also successful for a sequel. The Rocky Horror Picture Show flopped in its 1975 debut, only to reappear as a more-popular midnight show later in the decade.
The crisis saw the first instance of stagflation which began a political and economic trend of the replacement of Keynesian economic theory with neoliberal economic theory, with the first neoliberal governments being created in Chile, where a military coup led by Augusto Pinochet took place in 1973. Novelist Tom Wolfe coined the term " 'Me' decade" in his essay "The 'Me' Decade and the Third Great Awakening", published by New York Magazine in August 1976 referring to the 1970s.
In 1976, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai both died, beginning a new era.
Faith in government was at an all-time low in the aftermath of Vietnam and Watergate, as exemplified by the low voter turnout in the 1976 United States presidential election. There was also the 1973–74 stock market crash. Great Britain also experienced considerable economic turmoil during the decade as outdated industries proved unable to compete with Japanese and German wares.
Hoffman and fellow scientist Michael Phelps cell phones, with the first call transmitted in 1973, Martin Cooper of Motorola car phone services, first available in Finland in 1971 in form of the zero-generation ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, or Car Radiophone) service Apple Computer Company, founded in 1976 ====Rail==== British Rail introduced high-speed trains on InterCity services.
In 1976, Conrail was formed to take over assets of six bankrupt freight railroads in the northeastern US. ====Automobiles==== The 1970s was an era of fuel price increases, rising insurance rates, safety concerns, and emissions controls.
It was believed that the 1976 Cadillac Eldorado would be the last American-built convertible; ending the open body style that once dominated the auto industry. Cars in the U.S.
The first general elections were held in 1977 and Adolfo Suárez became Prime minister of Spain after his Centrist Democratic Union won.
reached the largest sizes they would ever attain, but by 1977, General Motors managed to downsize its full-size models to more manageable dimensions.
At the National Women's Conference in 1977 a minority women's resolution, promoted by King and others, passed to ensure racial equality in the movement's goals.
In Europe, there was a surge of popularity in the early decade for glam rock. After a successful return to live performing in the late 60s with his TV special, Elvis Presley remained popular in Vegas and on concert tours throughout the United States until his death in 1977.
Between 1977 and 1979, it became more mainstream, particularly with the outlaw movement, led by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson.
Two of popular music's most successful artists from other eras died within eight weeks of each other in 1977.
Elvis Presley, the best-selling singer of all time, died on August 16, 1977.
Presley's funeral was held at Graceland, on Thursday, August 18, 1977.
Bing Crosby, who sold about 50 million records, died on October 14, 1977.
The movies of the Swedish director Ingmar Bergman reached a new level of expression in motion pictures like Cries and Whispers (1973). Car chase movies also became a popular film genre of the 1970s with such films as Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry in 1974, and perhaps the genre's most popular film Smokey and the Bandit in 1977. Asian cinema of the 1970s catered to the rising middle class fantasies and struggles.
In 1978, Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel at Camp David in the United States, ending outstanding disputes between the two countries.
Amid allegations of corruption, mental and physical abuse by Jones on his followers, and denying them the right to leave Jonestown, a Congressional committee visited Guyana to investigate in November 1978.
The current Spanish Constitution was signed in 1978. In 1972, Erich Honecker was chosen to lead East Germany, a role he would fill for the whole of the 1970s and 1980s.
By the end of the 1970s, signs of social and economic stagnation were becoming very pronounced. Enver Hoxha's rule in Albania was characterized in the 1970s by growing isolation, first from a very public schism with the Soviet Union the decade before, and then by a split in friendly relations with China in 1978.
He was the first non-Italian pope since 1523. Asia On September 17, 1978 the Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.
They also resulted in Sadat and Begin sharing the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. Major changes in the People's Republic of China.
Boies in 1973 e-commerce, invented in 1979 by Michael Aldrich DiscoVision in 1978, the first commercial optical disc storage medium positron emission tomography, invented in 1972 by Edward J.
Japanese band Yellow Magic Orchestra helped to pioneer synthpop, with their self-titled album (in 1978) setting a template with less minimalism and with a strong emphasis on melody, and drawing from a wider range of influences than had been employed by Kraftwerk.
Kramer (1979). The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): Star Wars, Jaws, Grease, The Exorcist, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Superman, The Godfather, Saturday Night Fever, Rocky, and Jaws 2. Two of these movies came out on the same day, June 16, 1978. In 1970s European cinema, the failure of the Prague Spring brought about nostalgic motion pictures such as István Szabó's Szerelmesfilm (1970).
In the United Kingdom, the 1979 election resulted in the victory of its Conservative leader Margaret Thatcher, the first female British Prime Minister.
In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which led to an ongoing war for ten years. The 1970s saw an initial increase in violence in the Middle East as Egypt and Syria declared war on Israel, but in the late 1970s, the situation in the Middle East was fundamentally altered when Egypt signed the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty.
Political tensions in Iran exploded with the Iranian Revolution in 1979, which overthrew the Pahlavi dynasty and established an authoritarian Islamic republic under the leadership of the Ayatollah Khomeini. Africa saw further decolonization in the decade, with Angola and Mozambique gaining their independence in 1975 from the Portuguese Empire after the restoration of democracy in Portugal.
Vietnam invaded the country at the start of 1979, overthrowing the Khmer Rouge and installing a satellite government.
This provoked a brief, but furious border war with China in February of that year. The Iranian Revolution of 1979 transformed Iran from an autocratic pro-Western monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to a theocratic Islamist government under the leadership of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.
Distrust between the revolutionaries and Western powers led to the Iran hostage crisis on November 4, 1979, where 66 diplomats, mainly from the United States, were held captive for 444 days. Growing internal tensions take place in Yugoslavia beginning with the Croatian Spring movement in 1971 which demands greater decentralization of power to the constituent republics of Yugoslavia.
A total of 900 dead were found, including Jones, who had shot himself. Greenland was granted self-government (or "[rule]") within the Kingdom of Denmark on November 29, 1979. Europe Margaret Thatcher and the Conservative party rose to power in the United Kingdom in 1979, initiating a neoliberal economic policy of reducing government spending, weakening the power of trade unions, and promoting economic and trade liberalization. Francisco Franco died after 39 years in power.
That policy known as détente abruptly ended with the Soviet invasion in Afghanistan at the end of 1979.
The Accords led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
US president Richard Nixon visited the country in 1972, restoring relations between the two countries, although diplomatic ties were not established until 1979.
On July 16, 1979, he assumed the presidency cementing his rise to power.
All 135 on the PSA aircraft, both pilots of the Cessna, and 7 people on the ground (144 total) were killed. On May 25, 1979, American Airlines Flight 191, outbound from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago, Illinois, lost an engine during take-off and crashed, killing all 271 on board and 2 others on the ground.
The oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 added to the existing ailments and conjured high inflation throughout much of the world for the rest of the decade.
From 1970 to 1979, however, the average rate was 7.06%, and topped out at 13.29% in December 1979.
Following the Winter of Discontent, Margaret Thatcher was elected prime minister in 1979 with the purpose of implementing extreme economic reforms. In Eastern Europe, Soviet-style command economies began showing signs of stagnation, in which successes were persistently dogged by setbacks.
Their abundance of cheap labor, combined with educational and other policy reforms, set the foundation for development in the region during the 1970s and beyond. ===Oil crisis=== Economically, the 1970s were marked by the energy crisis which peaked in 1973 and 1979 (see 1973 oil crisis and 1979 oil crisis).
The year 1979 witnessed the spectacular reentry of Skylab over Australia.
Boies in 1973 e-commerce, invented in 1979 by Michael Aldrich DiscoVision in 1978, the first commercial optical disc storage medium positron emission tomography, invented in 1972 by Edward J.
By 1979, the company was near bankruptcy, and under its new president Lee Iacocca (who had been fired from Ford the year before), asked for a government bailout.
Big Three to subcompact sized model (the Gremlin) in 1970, but its fortunes declined throughout the decade, forcing it into a partnership with the French automaker Renault in 1979. European car design underwent major changes during the 1970s due to the need for performance with high fuel efficiency—designs such as the Volkswagen Golf and Passat, BMW 3, 5, and 7 series, and Mercedes-Benz S-Class appeared at the latter half of the decade.
Hard rock and Heavy metal also emerged among British bands Led Zeppelin, Queen, The Who, Black Sabbath, UFO, Deep Purple, Uriah Heep, and Judas Priest. Australian band AC/DC also found its hard-rock origins in the early 1970s and its breakthrough in 1979's Highway to Hell, while popular American rock bands included Aerosmith, Lynyrd Skynyrd and shock rockers Alice Cooper, Blue Öyster Cult, and Kiss, and guitar-oriented Ted Nugent and Van Halen.
Between 1977 and 1979, it became more mainstream, particularly with the outlaw movement, led by Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson.
Sadat's actions would lead to his assassination in 1981. Indian emergency (1975–1977) Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) – A civil war in the Middle East which at times also involved the PLO and Israel during the early 1980s. Western Sahara War (1975–1991) – A regional war pinning the rebel Polisario Front against Morocco and Mauritania. Ugandan–Tanzanian War (1978–1979) – the war which was fought between Uganda and Tanzania was based on an expansionist agenda to annex territory from Tanzania.
The current Spanish Constitution was signed in 1978. In 1972, Erich Honecker was chosen to lead East Germany, a role he would fill for the whole of the 1970s and 1980s.
The prime rate hit 21.5 in December 1980, the highest in history.
was $23,450 in 1970 up to $68,700 by 1980.
By the time of 1980, when U.S.
Both Indira Gandhi and Margaret Thatcher would remain important political figures in the following decade in the 1980s. ===Social movements=== ====Anti-war protests==== The opposition to the War in Vietnam that began in the 1960s grew exponentially during the early 1970s.
Child erotica found a niche market, but would eventually be banned under child pornography laws in the 1980s to 1990s. The market for adult entertainment in the 1970s was large, and driven in part by the sizable baby boomer population, and the 1972 movie Behind the Green Door, an X-rated feature, became one of the top-grossing films of the year.
However, many viewers continued to watch black-and-white television sets for most of the decade, which meant for example that televised snooker (in which the colour of balls is important) did not reach the heights of its popularity until the 1980s. Notable dramas included Play for Today and Pennies from Heaven.
Replacing westerns were police and detective shows, a trend that would last through the 1980s. Television still had its medical shows of the 1970s, however, Emergency! was the first popular medical drama ever to feature both the paramedic program as well as the hospital emergency department, which also encouraged future people in the United States to develop their own paramedic program or hospital emergency department, and acted as an inspiration for many individuals.
Sadat's actions would lead to his assassination in 1981. Indian emergency (1975–1977) Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990) – A civil war in the Middle East which at times also involved the PLO and Israel during the early 1980s. Western Sahara War (1975–1991) – A regional war pinning the rebel Polisario Front against Morocco and Mauritania. Ugandan–Tanzanian War (1978–1979) – the war which was fought between Uganda and Tanzania was based on an expansionist agenda to annex territory from Tanzania.
NASA had planned for a Shuttle mission to the space station, but the shuttles were not ready to fly until 1981, too late to save it. Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed in their attempt at manned lunar landings, canceled the program in 1972.
Also, the wage gap failed to close, but it did become smaller. The second wave feminist movement in the United States largely ended in 1982 with the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, and with new conservative leadership in Washington, D.C..
Pinochet would remain the dictator of Chile until 1990. Suriname was granted independence from the Netherlands on November 25, 1975. In Guyana, the Rev.
Child erotica found a niche market, but would eventually be banned under child pornography laws in the 1980s to 1990s. The market for adult entertainment in the 1970s was large, and driven in part by the sizable baby boomer population, and the 1972 movie Behind the Green Door, an X-rated feature, became one of the top-grossing films of the year.
American women created a brief, but powerful, third-wave in the early 1990s which addressed sexual harassment (inspired by the Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas Senate Judiciary Committee hearings of 1991).
Most notable was The Mary Tyler Moore Show, which spawned the successful spin-offs Rhoda and Phyllis, and also resulted in Mary Tyler Moore becoming the first female to head a television production company of her own, MTM Enterprises, which churned out groundbreaking programming in the late 1970s throughout the 1990s.
American women created a brief, but powerful, third-wave in the early 1990s which addressed sexual harassment (inspired by the Anita Hill–Clarence Thomas Senate Judiciary Committee hearings of 1991).
Japan would rank as the world's second-largest economy until 1994 when the European Economic Area (18 countries under a single market) came into effect. In the US, the average annual inflation rate from 1900 to 1970 was approximately 2.5%.
It was an inductee of the 2001 National Film Registry list. ===Television=== ====United Kingdom==== In the United Kingdom, colour channels were now available; three stations had begun broadcasting in colour between 1967 and 1969.
Arthur Bremer was sentenced to the Maryland Correctional Institute, and would later be released in 2007. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, President of Bangladesh, and almost his entire family was assassinated in the early hours of August 15, 1975, when a group of Bangladesh Army personnel went to his residence and killed him, during a coup d'état. U.S.
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