He outlined his conception of the play as a "modern tragedy" in a note written in Rome on 19 October 1878.
It premiered at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 December 1879, having been published earlier that month.
The play is set in a Norwegian town circa 1879. The play is significant for the way it deals with the fate of a married woman, who at the time in Norway lacked reasonable opportunities for self-fulfillment in a male-dominated world, despite the fact that Ibsen denies it was his intent to write a feminist play.
"A woman cannot be herself in modern society," he argues, since it is "an exclusively male society, with laws made by men and with prosecutors and judges who assess feminine conduct from a masculine standpoint!" ===Publication=== Ibsen sent a fair copy of the completed play to his publisher on 15 September 1879.
It was first published in Copenhagen on 4 December 1879, in an edition of 8,000 copies that sold out within a month; a second edition of 3,000 copies followed on 4 January 1880, and a third edition of 2,500 was issued on 8 March. ==Production history== A Doll's House received its world premiere on 21 December 1879 at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, with Betty Hennings as Nora, Emil Poulsen as Torvald, and Peter Jerndorff as Dr.
Swallow's historical novel tells the story of Nora Helmer's life from the moment in December 1879 that Nora walks out on her husband and young children at the close of A Doll's House.
It was first published in Copenhagen on 4 December 1879, in an edition of 8,000 copies that sold out within a month; a second edition of 3,000 copies followed on 4 January 1880, and a third edition of 2,500 was issued on 8 March. ==Production history== A Doll's House received its world premiere on 21 December 1879 at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, with Betty Hennings as Nora, Emil Poulsen as Torvald, and Peter Jerndorff as Dr.
A production of this version opened in Flensburg in February 1880.
Another production of the original version, some rehearsals of which Ibsen attended, opened on 3 March 1880 at the Residenz Theatre in Munich. In Great Britain, the only way in which the play was initially allowed to be given in London was in an adaptation by Henry Arthur Jones and Henry Herman called Breaking a Butterfly.
Soon after its London premiere, Achurch brought the play to Australia in 1889. The play was first seen in America in 1883 in Louisville, Kentucky; Helena Modjeska acted Nora.
This adaptation was produced at the Princess Theatre, 3 March 1884.
The first public British production of the play in its regular form opened on 7 June 1889 at the Novelty Theatre, starring Janet Achurch as Nora and Charles Charrington as Torvald.
Soon after its London premiere, Achurch brought the play to Australia in 1889. The play was first seen in America in 1883 in Louisville, Kentucky; Helena Modjeska acted Nora.
The play made its Broadway premiere at the Palmer's Theatre on 21 December 1889, starring Beatrice Cameron as Nora Helmer.
Writing in 1896 in his book The Foundations of a National Drama, Jones says: "A rough translation from the German version of A Doll's House was put into my hands, and I was told that if it could be turned into a sympathetic play, a ready opening would be found for it on the London boards.
Achurch played Nora again for a 7-day run in 1897.
… The curtain fell upon a happy home." Before 1899 there were two private productions of the play in London (in its original form as Ibsen wrote it) — one featured George Bernard Shaw in the role of Krogstad.
Brendan Kiley of The Seattle Times described it as a "triple-decker satire" in which "Cherdonna’s version of Ibsen’s play about femininity turns into a kind of memoir about Kuehner’s neither-here-nor-there career identity." The Citizens' Theatre in Glasgow have performed Nora: A Doll's House by Stef Smith, a radical re-working of the play, with three actors playing Nora, simultaneously taking place in 1918, 1968 and 2018.
In Iconoclasts (1905), James Huneker noted "That slammed door reverberated across the roof of the world." ==Adaptations== ===Film=== A Doll's House has been adapted for the cinema on many occasions, including: The 1922 lost silent film A Doll's House starring Alla Nazimova as Nora. The 1923 German silent film Nora directed by Berthold Viertel.
In Iconoclasts (1905), James Huneker noted "That slammed door reverberated across the roof of the world." ==Adaptations== ===Film=== A Doll's House has been adapted for the cinema on many occasions, including: The 1922 lost silent film A Doll's House starring Alla Nazimova as Nora. The 1923 German silent film Nora directed by Berthold Viertel.
She was also Mikhail Chekhov's wife. The 1943 Argentine film Casa de muñecas starring Delia Garcés, which modernizes the story and uses the alternative ending. Two film versions were released in 1973: A Doll's House by Joseph Losey starring Jane Fonda, David Warner and Trevor Howard; and A Doll's House by Patrick Garland starring Claire Bloom, Anthony Hopkins, and Ralph Richardson. Dariush Mehrjui's 1992 film Sara is based on A Doll's House, with the plot transferred to Iran.
Sara, played by Niki Karimi, is the Nora of Ibsen's play. In 2012, the Young Vic theatre in London released a short film titled Nora with Hattie Morahan portraying what a modern-day Nora might look like. In 2016, there were plans for a modernized adaptation starring Ben Kingsley as Doctor Rank and Michele Martin as Nora. ===Television=== The 1959 adaptation was a live version for American TV directed by George Schaefer.
Brendan Kiley of The Seattle Times described it as a "triple-decker satire" in which "Cherdonna’s version of Ibsen’s play about femininity turns into a kind of memoir about Kuehner’s neither-here-nor-there career identity." The Citizens' Theatre in Glasgow have performed Nora: A Doll's House by Stef Smith, a radical re-working of the play, with three actors playing Nora, simultaneously taking place in 1918, 1968 and 2018.
She was also Mikhail Chekhov's wife. The 1943 Argentine film Casa de muñecas starring Delia Garcés, which modernizes the story and uses the alternative ending. Two film versions were released in 1973: A Doll's House by Joseph Losey starring Jane Fonda, David Warner and Trevor Howard; and A Doll's House by Patrick Garland starring Claire Bloom, Anthony Hopkins, and Ralph Richardson. Dariush Mehrjui's 1992 film Sara is based on A Doll's House, with the plot transferred to Iran.
This production starred Indira Varma as Niru and Toby Stephens as Tom. ===Re-staging=== In 1989, film and stage director Ingmar Bergman staged and published a shortened reworking of the play, now entitled Nora, which entirely omitted the characters of the servants and the children, focusing more on the power struggle between Nora and Torvald.
She was also Mikhail Chekhov's wife. The 1943 Argentine film Casa de muñecas starring Delia Garcés, which modernizes the story and uses the alternative ending. Two film versions were released in 1973: A Doll's House by Joseph Losey starring Jane Fonda, David Warner and Trevor Howard; and A Doll's House by Patrick Garland starring Claire Bloom, Anthony Hopkins, and Ralph Richardson. Dariush Mehrjui's 1992 film Sara is based on A Doll's House, with the plot transferred to Iran.
A Doll's House, Nick Hern Books, London, 1994 Unwin, Stephen.
Ibsen's A Doll's House (Page to Stage Study Guide) Nick Hern Books, London, 1997 William L.
Monmouth College, Monmouth, Illinois, 1997. Merriam, Eve.
UNESCO has inscribed Ibsen's autographed manuscripts of A Doll's House on the Memory of the World Register in 2001, in recognition of their historical value. The title of the play is most commonly translated as A Doll's House, though some scholars use A Doll House.
It aroused a great sensation at the time, and caused a "storm of outraged controversy" that went beyond the theatre to the world newspapers and society. In 2006, the centennial of Ibsen's death, A Doll's House held the distinction of being the world's most performed play that year.
Sara, played by Niki Karimi, is the Nora of Ibsen's play. In 2012, the Young Vic theatre in London released a short film titled Nora with Hattie Morahan portraying what a modern-day Nora might look like. In 2016, there were plans for a modernized adaptation starring Ben Kingsley as Doctor Rank and Michele Martin as Nora. ===Television=== The 1959 adaptation was a live version for American TV directed by George Schaefer.
Sara, played by Niki Karimi, is the Nora of Ibsen's play. In 2012, the Young Vic theatre in London released a short film titled Nora with Hattie Morahan portraying what a modern-day Nora might look like. In 2016, there were plans for a modernized adaptation starring Ben Kingsley as Doctor Rank and Michele Martin as Nora. ===Television=== The 1959 adaptation was a live version for American TV directed by George Schaefer.
The Los Angeles Times stated that "Nora shores up A Doll's House in some areas but weakens it in others." Lucas Hnath wrote A Doll's House, Part 2 as a follow-up about Nora 15 years later. In 2017, performance artist Cherdonna Shinatra wrote and starred in a reworking of the play titled "Cherdonna's Doll House" under the direction of Ali Mohamed el-Gasseir.
Brendan Kiley of The Seattle Times described it as a "triple-decker satire" in which "Cherdonna’s version of Ibsen’s play about femininity turns into a kind of memoir about Kuehner’s neither-here-nor-there career identity." The Citizens' Theatre in Glasgow have performed Nora: A Doll's House by Stef Smith, a radical re-working of the play, with three actors playing Nora, simultaneously taking place in 1918, 1968 and 2018.
The same stage play was filmed at the beginning of 2019 and screened in Toronto on 4 May 2019.
Now, arrangements are being made to screen the film, ஒரு பொம்மையின் வீடு, in London, at Safari Cinema Harrow, on 7 July 2019; From September 2019 to October 2019 the Lyric Hammersmith in London hosted a new adaptation of the play by Tanika Gupta who moved the setting of the play to colonial India.
The production later transferred to the Young Vic in London. Dottok-e-Log (Doll's House), adapted and directed by Kashif Hussain, was performed in the Balochi language at the National Academy of Performing Arts on 30 and 31 March 2019. === Novels === In 2019, memoirist, journalist and professor Wendy Swallow published Searching for Nora: After the Doll's House.
They also published a pack of teaching materials which includes extracts from the adapted play script. A production of A Doll's House by The Jamie Lloyd Company starring Jessica Chastain was initially scheduled to play at the Playhouse Theatre in London in the summer of 2020.
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