Abdur Rahman Khan ( عبدالرحمن خان) (between 1840 and 1844October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901.
Abdur Rahman Khan ( عبدالرحمن خان) (between 1840 and 1844October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901.
The nickname The Iron Amir is also associated with his crushing of a number of rebellions by various tribes who were led by his relatives. ==Background and early career== Before his death in Herat, on June 9, 1863, Abdur Rahman's grandfather, Dost Mohammad Khan, nominated his third son, Sher Ali Khan, as his successor, passing over the two elder brothers, Afzal Khan and Azam Khan.
After some delay and desultory fighting, he and his uncle, Azam Khan, occupied Kabul in March 1866.
Notwithstanding the new Amir's incapacity, and some jealousy between the real leaders, Abdur Rahman and his uncle, they again routed Sher Ali's forces, and occupied Kandahar in 1867.
But towards the end of 1868, Sher Ali's return and a general rising in his favour resulted in Abdur Rahman and Azam Khan's defeat at Tinah Khan on January 3, 1869.
But towards the end of 1868, Sher Ali's return and a general rising in his favour resulted in Abdur Rahman and Azam Khan's defeat at Tinah Khan on January 3, 1869.
Azam died in Kabul in October 1869. ==Exile and negotiated return to power== Abdur Rahman lived in exile in Tashkent.
Abdur Rahman Khan ( عبدالرحمن خان) (between 1840 and 1844October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901.
In March 1880, a report reached India that Abdur Rahman was in northern Afghanistan; and the Governor-General, Lord Lytton, opened communications with him to the effect that the British government were prepared to withdraw their troops, and to recognize Abdur Rahman as Amir of Afghanistan, with the exception of Kandahar and some districts adjacent to it.
Griffin described Abdur Rahman as a man of middle height, with an exceedingly intelligent face and frank and courteous manners, shrewd and able in conversation on the business in hand. ==Reign== At the durbar on July 22, 1880, Abdur Rahman was officially recognized as Amir, granted assistance in arms and money, and promised, in case of unprovoked foreign aggression, such further aid as might be necessary to repel it, provided that he align his foreign policy with the British.
The British evacuation of Afghanistan was settled on the terms proposed, and in 1881, the British troops also handed over Kandahar to the new Amir. However, Ayub Khan, one of Sher Ali Khan's sons, marched upon that city from Herat, defeated Abdur Rahman's troops, and occupied the place in July 1880.
Instead, Ayub Khan was defeated in Kandahar by the British General Frederick Roberts on 1 September 1880.
He held open courts for the receipt of petitioners and the dispensation of justice; and in the disposal of business he was indefatigable. In the 1880s, the "Iron Emir" decided to strategically displace some members of different ethnic groups in order to bring better security.
The British evacuation of Afghanistan was settled on the terms proposed, and in 1881, the British troops also handed over Kandahar to the new Amir. However, Ayub Khan, one of Sher Ali Khan's sons, marched upon that city from Herat, defeated Abdur Rahman's troops, and occupied the place in July 1880.
In 1896, he adopted the title of Zia-ul-Millat-Wa-ud Din ("Light of the nation and religion"), and his zeal for the cause of Islam induced him to publish treatises on jihad. Chitral, Yarkand and Ferghana became shelters for refugees in 1887 and 1883 from Badakhshan who fled from the campaigns of Abdul Rahman. ===1888-1893 Uprisings of Hazaras=== In the early 1890s some Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman.
In that same year, Ayub Khan made a fruitless inroad from Persia. In 1885, at the moment when the Amir was in conference with the British viceroy, Lord Dufferin, in India, the news came of a skirmish between Russian and Afghan troops at Panjdeh, over a disputed point in the demarcation of the northwestern frontier of Afghanistan.
He also published his autobiography in 1885, which served more as an advice guide for princes than anything else. His interest lay in keeping powerful neighbours, whether friends or foes, outside his kingdom.
In 1896, he adopted the title of Zia-ul-Millat-Wa-ud Din ("Light of the nation and religion"), and his zeal for the cause of Islam induced him to publish treatises on jihad. Chitral, Yarkand and Ferghana became shelters for refugees in 1887 and 1883 from Badakhshan who fled from the campaigns of Abdul Rahman. ===1888-1893 Uprisings of Hazaras=== In the early 1890s some Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman.
In 1888, the Amir's cousin, Ishak Khan, rebelled against him in the north; and also the Ghilzais (Hotakis, Tokhis and Andaris) revolted against him in 1887; but these enterprises came to nothing.
In 1888, the Amir's cousin, Ishak Khan, rebelled against him in the north; and also the Ghilzais (Hotakis, Tokhis and Andaris) revolted against him in 1887; but these enterprises came to nothing.
His youngest son, Mahomed Omar Jan, was born in 1889 of an Afghan mother, connected by descent with the Barakzai family. ==Legacy== Afghan society has mixed feelings about his rule.
In 1896, he adopted the title of Zia-ul-Millat-Wa-ud Din ("Light of the nation and religion"), and his zeal for the cause of Islam induced him to publish treatises on jihad. Chitral, Yarkand and Ferghana became shelters for refugees in 1887 and 1883 from Badakhshan who fled from the campaigns of Abdul Rahman. ===1888-1893 Uprisings of Hazaras=== In the early 1890s some Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman.
In 1893, Mortimer Durand negotiated with Abdur Rahman Khan the Durand Line Treaty for the demarcation of the frontier between Afghanistan, the FATA, North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan, now provinces of Pakistan as a successor state of British India.
In 1896, he adopted the title of Zia-ul-Millat-Wa-ud Din ("Light of the nation and religion"), and his zeal for the cause of Islam induced him to publish treatises on jihad. Chitral, Yarkand and Ferghana became shelters for refugees in 1887 and 1883 from Badakhshan who fled from the campaigns of Abdul Rahman. ===1888-1893 Uprisings of Hazaras=== In the early 1890s some Hazara tribes revolted against Abdur Rahman.
Abdur Rahman Khan ( عبدالرحمن خان) (between 1840 and 1844October 1, 1901) was Emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901.
While these aforementioned tribes' revolts were crushed, but since they shared the same ethnicity with the Amir, they did not suffer mass enslavement, which could be explained by their adhering to Shiism. ==Death and Descendants== Abdur Rahman died on October 1, 1901 inside his summer palace, being succeeded by his son Habibullah Khan. Today, his descendants can be found in many places outside Afghanistan, such as in America, France, Germany, and even in Scandinavian countries such as Denmark.
In 1905, Amir Habibullah Khan signed a new agreement with the United Kingdom which confirmed the legality of the Durand Line.
All text is taken from Wikipedia. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License .
Page generated on 2021-08-05