The first of these concepts was provided by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, around 1776. It is important to think of the acid-base reaction models as theories that complement each other.
The Lavoisier definition held for over 30 years, until the 1810 article and subsequent lectures by Sir Humphry Davy in which he proved the lack of oxygen in , [telluride|H2Te], and the [acid]s.
One notable modification of oxygen theory was provided by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, who stated that acids are oxides of nonmetals while bases are oxides of metals. ====Liebig's hydrogen theory of acids==== In 1838, Justus von Liebig proposed that an acid is a hydrogen-containing compound whose hydrogen can be replaced by a metal.
A hydrogen theory of acids, it followed from his 1884 work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903. As defined by Arrhenius: an Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+); that is, an acid increases the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution. This causes the protonation of water, or the creation of the [(H3O+) ion.
A hydrogen theory of acids, it followed from his 1884 work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903. As defined by Arrhenius: an Arrhenius acid is a substance that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+); that is, an acid increases the concentration of H+ ions in an aqueous solution. This causes the protonation of water, or the creation of the [(H3O+) ion.
Edward Curtis Franklin studied the acid–base reactions in liquid ammonia in 1905 and pointed out the similarities to the water-based Arrhenius theory.
Lewis in 1923, in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938.
Germann, working with liquid phosgene, , formulated the solvent-based theory in 1925, thereby generalizing the Arrhenius definition to cover aprotic solvents. Germann pointed out that in many solutions, there are ions in equilibrium with the neutral solvent molecules: solvonium ions: a generic name for positive ions.
Lewis in 1923, in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938.
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