By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies, which made them the second largest ethnic group after English Americans. ===From the American Revolution to the Civil War=== During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious American colonists secure their independence by defeating the British in the American Revolutionary War.
By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies, which made them the second largest ethnic group after English Americans. ===From the American Revolution to the Civil War=== During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious American colonists secure their independence by defeating the British in the American Revolutionary War.
They fought in the 1779 battle in which Spain captured Baton Rouge from the British.
After the United States was founded in 1783, most black people continued to be enslaved, being most concentrated in the American South, with four million enslaved only liberated during and at the end of the Civil War in 1865.
During the 1790s, Governor Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet reinforced local fortifications and recruit even more free Black men for the militia.
While the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S.
In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first woman, the first African American (and the first Asian American) to serve as Vice President of the United States. ==Demographics== In 1790, when the first U.S.
Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or slave rebellions, so state militias were formed in order to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols so they could be used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or rebellions. The earliest African-American congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the Great Awakening.
By 1870, around seventy-four institutions in the south provided a form of advanced education for African American students, and by 1800, over a hundred programs at these schools provided training for Black professionals, including teachers.
Liberia began as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS) in 1821, with the abolitionist members of the ACS believing Blacks would face better chances for freedom and equality in Africa. The slaves not only constituted a large investment, they produced America's most valuable product and export: cotton.
Among these were the Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act, and the Dred Scott decision. Prior to the Civil War, eight serving presidents owned slaves, a practice protected by the U.S.
By 1860, there were 3.5 to 4.4 million enslaved Black people in the U.S.
In 1860, at the start of the Civil War, the African-American population had increased to 4.4 million, but the percentage rate dropped to 14% of the overall population of the country.
It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for about 200 Black families emigrating from a number of locations in the United States. In 1863, during the American Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.
It survives today with a vibrant and active civic community. ===Education=== In 1863, enslaved Americans became free citizens during a time when public educational systems were expanding across the country.
After the United States was founded in 1783, most black people continued to be enslaved, being most concentrated in the American South, with four million enslaved only liberated during and at the end of the Civil War in 1865.
Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation, with Texas being the last state to be emancipated, in 1865. Slavery in Union-held Confederate territory continued, at least on paper, until the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865.
founding populations. ===Terms no longer in common use=== Before the independence of the Thirteen Colonies until the abolition of slavery in 1865, an African-American slave was commonly known as a negro.
By 1870, around seventy-four institutions in the south provided a form of advanced education for African American students, and by 1800, over a hundred programs at these schools provided training for Black professionals, including teachers.
By the late 1870s, Blacks were disenfranchised and segregated across the American South.
While the post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, that period ended in 1876.
By the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement.
The Great Migration, as it was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s.
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century (5 vol.
At the 1900 Hampton Negro Conference, Reverend Matthew Anderson said: "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South." Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, restrictive covenants, redlining and racial steering".
By 1900, the Black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million. In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South.
population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900. At the time of the 2000 Census, 54.8% of African Americans lived in the South.
In 1900, when information on Black life expectancy started being collated, a Black man could expect to live to 32.5 years and a Black woman 33.5 years.
In 1900, White men lived an average of 46.3 years and White women lived an average of 48.3 years.
By 1900, the Black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million. In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South.
From 1916 through the 1960s, more than 6 million Black people moved north.
The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S.
as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919.
citizenship to Whites only, the 14th Amendment (1868) gave Black people citizenship, and the 15th Amendment (1870) gave Black males the right to vote (which would still be denied to all women until 1920). ===Reconstruction era and Jim Crow=== African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools and community/civic associations, to have space away from White control or oversight.
By the 1940s, the term was commonly capitalized (Negro); but by the mid-1960s, it was considered disparaging.
Average Black income stood at 54 percent of that of White workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962.
The majority of HBCUs were established in the southeastern United States, Alabama has the most HBCUs of any state. As late as 1947, about one third of African Americans over 65 were considered to lack the literacy to read and write their own names.
A History of African Americans, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947. Gates, Henry L.
Black Americans also found a new ground for political power in Northern cities, without the enforced disabilities of Jim Crow. By the 1950s, the civil rights movement was gaining momentum.
A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of Emmett Till, a 14-year-old boy from Chicago.
In 1959, median family income for Whites was $5,600, compared with $2,900 for non-White families.
In 1968, 23 percent of Black families earned under $3,000 a year, compared with 41 percent in 1960.
In 1960, the median level of education for Blacks had been 10.8 years, and by the late Sixties the figure rose to 12.2 years, half a year behind the median for Whites. ===Post–civil rights era=== Politically and economically, African Americans have made substantial strides during the post–civil rights era.
From 1916 through the 1960s, more than 6 million Black people moved north.
Johnson pushed for civil rights legislation during the 1960s.
In 1960, nearly a third of African Americans voted for Republican Richard Nixon. ===Sexuality=== According to a Gallup survey, 4.6% of Black or African-Americans self-identified as LGBT in 2016, while the total portion of American adults in all ethnic groups identifying as LGBT was 4.1% in 2016. ===Health=== ====General==== The life expectancy for Black men in 2008 was 70.8 years.
Average Black income stood at 54 percent of that of White workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962.
Johnson put his support behind passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure Black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections.
Johnson put his support behind passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure Black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections.
In 1965, 43 percent of all Black families fell into the poverty bracket, earning under $3,000 a year.
The Sixties saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many Black Americans. From 1965 to 1969, Black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of White family income.
In 1965, 19 percent of Black Americans had incomes equal to the national median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967.
By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from White authority. During the post-war period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans.
In 1965, 19 percent of Black Americans had incomes equal to the national median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967.
In 1968, 23 percent of Black families earned under $3,000 a year, compared with 41 percent in 1960.
In 1968, Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the U.S.
The Sixties saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many Black Americans. From 1965 to 1969, Black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of White family income.
By 1969, illiteracy as it had been traditionally defined, had been largely eradicated among younger African Americans. U.S.
There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970.
The Great Migration, as it was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s.
By 1972, however, desegregation efforts meant that only 25% of Black students were in schools with more than 90% non-White students.
By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from White authority. During the post-war period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans.
In 2005, employed Blacks earned 65% of the wages of Whites, down from 82% in 1975.
In 1988, 21% of Whites had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 11% of Blacks.
In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected governor in U.S.
In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first African-American woman elected to the U.S.
Many policy makers have proposed that this gap can and will be eliminated through policies such as affirmative action, desegregation, and multiculturalism. Between 1995 and 2009, freshmen college enrollment for African Americans increased by 73 percent and only 15 percent for Whites.
Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history, New York City : Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1996. ==External links== Richard Thompson Ford Name Games, Slate, September 16, 2004.
Census surveys showed that by 1998, 89 percent of African Americans aged 25 to 29 had completed a high-school education, less than Whites or Asians, but more than Hispanics.
The poverty rate among African Americans has decreased from 26.5% in 1998 to 24.7% in 2004, compared to 12.7% for all Americans. African Americans have a combined buying power of over $892 billion currently and likely over $1.1 trillion by 2012.
For both men and women, the median wage earned by Black employees is significantly higher in the public sector than in other industries. In 1999, the median income of African-American families was $33,255 compared to $53,356 of European Americans.
There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970.
population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900. At the time of the 2000 Census, 54.8% of African Americans lived in the South.
According to the 2000 Census, approximately 2.05% of African Americans identified as Hispanic or Latino in origin, many of whom may be of Brazilian, Puerto Rican, Dominican, Cuban, Haitian, or other Latin American descent.
census bureau, evidence from the 2000 Census indicates that many African and Caribbean immigrant ethnic groups do not identify as "Black, African Am., or Negro".
Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011. In 2004, African-American men had the third-highest earnings of American minority groups after Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Twenty-five percent of Blacks had white-collar occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall.
In 2001, there were 484 Black mayors. In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the Atlantic Slave Trade.
In 2001, over half of African-American households of married couples earned $50,000 or more.
A History of African Americans, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947. Gates, Henry L.
In 2002, African American-owned businesses accounted for 1.2 million of the US's 23 million businesses.
Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011. In 2004, African-American men had the third-highest earnings of American minority groups after Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Twenty-five percent of Blacks had white-collar occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall.
The poverty rate among African Americans has decreased from 26.5% in 1998 to 24.7% in 2004, compared to 12.7% for all Americans. African Americans have a combined buying power of over $892 billion currently and likely over $1.1 trillion by 2012.
Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011. In 2004, African-American men had the third-highest earnings of American minority groups after Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Twenty-five percent of Blacks had white-collar occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall.
Among White families, the respective rates were 26.4% and 6% in poverty. Collectively, African Americans are more involved in the American political process than other minority groups in the United States, indicated by the highest level of voter registration and participation in elections among these groups in 2004.
In the 2004 Presidential Election, Democrat John Kerry received 88% of the African-American vote compared to 11% for Republican George W.
In 2004, a qualitative research study explored the disconnect with African Americans and mental health.
and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds), African American Lives, Oxford University Press, 2004 – more than 600 biographies. Darlene Clark Hine, Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Elsa Barkley Brown (eds), Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, Paperback Edition, Indiana University Press 2005. Kranz, Rachel.
African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs (Infobase Publishing, 2004). Salzman, Jack, ed.
Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history, New York City : Macmillan Library Reference USA, 1996. ==External links== Richard Thompson Ford Name Games, Slate, September 16, 2004.
In 2001, there were 484 Black mayors. In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the Atlantic Slave Trade.
In 2005, employed Blacks earned 65% of the wages of Whites, down from 82% in 1975.
The poverty rate among single-parent Black families was 39.5% in 2005, according to Walter E.
Department of Justice states "In 2005, homicide victimization rates for blacks were 6 times higher than the rates for whites".
and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds), African American Lives, Oxford University Press, 2004 – more than 600 biographies. Darlene Clark Hine, Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, Elsa Barkley Brown (eds), Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia, Paperback Edition, Indiana University Press 2005. Kranz, Rachel.
Although in the same year African Americans were over-represented among the nation's poor, this was directly related to the disproportionate percentage of African-American families headed by single women; such families are collectively poorer, regardless of ethnicity. In 2006, the median earnings of African-American men was more than Black and non-Black American women overall, and in all educational levels.
On the other hand, by 2006, among American women with post-secondary education, African-American women have made significant advances; the median income of African-American women was more than those of their Asian-, European- and Hispanic American counterparts with at least some college education. The U.S.
The New York Times reported in 2006 that in Queens, New York, the median income among African-American families exceeded that of White families, which the newspaper attributed to the growth in the number of two-parent Black families.
According to DNA analysis led in 2006 by Penn State geneticist Mark D.
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass (3 vol Oxford University Press, 2006). Finkelman, Paul, ed.
On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected president.
During 2008–2010, 21.2% of all Black workers were public employees, compared with 16.3% of non-Black workers.
Nationwide, the October 2008 unemployment rate for African Americans was 11.1%, while the nationwide rate was 6.5%. The income gap between Black and White families is also significant.
In 1960, nearly a third of African Americans voted for Republican Richard Nixon. ===Sexuality=== According to a Gallup survey, 4.6% of Black or African-Americans self-identified as LGBT in 2016, while the total portion of American adults in all ethnic groups identifying as LGBT was 4.1% in 2016. ===Health=== ====General==== The life expectancy for Black men in 2008 was 70.8 years.
Life expectancy for Black women was 77.5 years in 2008.
Many policy makers have proposed that this gap can and will be eliminated through policies such as affirmative action, desegregation, and multiculturalism. Between 1995 and 2009, freshmen college enrollment for African Americans increased by 73 percent and only 15 percent for Whites.
Oxford University Press, USA, 2009). John Hope Franklin, Alfred Moss, From Slavery to Freedom.
The only self-reported ancestral groups larger than African Americans are the Irish and Germans. According to the 2010 U.S.
As a result, the census bureau devised a new, separate "African American" ethnic group category in 2010 for ethnic African Americans. ===U.S.
city in 2010, with 82%.
In 2010, 45% of African Americans owned their homes, compared to 67% of all Americans.
For adult Black men, the rate of obesity was 31.6% in 2010.
For adult Black women, the rate of obesity was 41.2% in 2010.
However, since then, a trend towards re-segregation affected communities across the country: by 2011, 2.9 million African-American students were in such overwhelmingly minority schools, including 53% of Black students in school districts that were formerly under desegregation orders. Historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs), which were originally set up when segregated colleges did not admit African Americans, continue to thrive and educate students of all races today.
Black women are enrolled in college more than any other race and gender group, leading all with 9.7% enrolled according to the 2011 U.S.
Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011. In 2004, African-American men had the third-highest earnings of American minority groups after Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Twenty-five percent of Blacks had white-collar occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall.
In 2011, it was reported that 72% of Black babies were born to unwed mothers.
Obama was reelected for a second and final term, by a similar margin on November 6, 2012.
The poverty rate among African Americans has decreased from 26.5% in 1998 to 24.7% in 2004, compared to 12.7% for all Americans. African Americans have a combined buying power of over $892 billion currently and likely over $1.1 trillion by 2012.
Census Bureau. The average high school graduation rate of Blacks in the United States has steadily increased to 71% in 2013.
In 2013, among men, Black men had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by White, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) men.
Further academic improvement has occurred in 2015.
In 2015, 23% of Blacks had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 36% of Whites.
In 2015 a study concluded, African Americans with high value in religion are less likely to utilize mental health services compared to those who have low value in religion. Most counseling approaches are westernized and do not fit within the African American culture.
In 1960, nearly a third of African Americans voted for Republican Richard Nixon. ===Sexuality=== According to a Gallup survey, 4.6% of Black or African-Americans self-identified as LGBT in 2016, while the total portion of American adults in all ethnic groups identifying as LGBT was 4.1% in 2016. ===Health=== ====General==== The life expectancy for Black men in 2008 was 70.8 years.
In 2021, Kamala Harris became the first woman, the first African American (and the first Asian American) to serve as Vice President of the United States. ==Demographics== In 1790, when the first U.S.
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