The Uighur leader Emin Khoja (Amīn Khoja) of Turfan revolted against the Dzungars in 1720 while the Dzungars under Tsewang Rabtan were being attacked by the Qing, and then he also defected and submitted to the Qing.
Afghans often refer to Ahmad Shah as Ahmad Shāh Bābā, "Ahmad Shah the Father". ==Early years== Durrani was born in Herat (then Hotak Empire, present-day Afghanistan) or Multan (then Mughal Empire, present-day Pakistan) in 1722 to Mohammad Zaman Khan, chief of the Abdali tribe and Governor of Herat, and Zarghuna Ana, daughter of Khalu Khan Alkozai. Durrani's forefathers were Sadozais but his mother was from the Alakozai tribe.
By July 1731, Zulfiqar returned to his capital Farah where he had been serving as the governor since 1726.
In June 1729, the Abdali forces under Zulfiqar had surrendered to Nader Shah Afshar, the rising new ruler of Persia.
They were later made political prisoners by Hussain Hotak, the Ghilji ruler of the Kandahar region. Nader Shah had been enlisting the Abdalis in his army since around 1729.
In July 1730, he defeated Ibrahim Khan, a military commander and brother of Nader Shah.
By July 1731, Zulfiqar returned to his capital Farah where he had been serving as the governor since 1726.
Many opponents of Dzungar rule like Uighurs and some dissident Dzungars escaped and defected to Qing China during 1737–1754 and provided the Qing with intelligence on the Dzungars and voiced their grievances.
After conquering Kandahar in 1738, Durrani and his brother Zulfiqar were freed and provided with leading careers in Nader Shah's administration.
The Abdali Regiment was part of Nader Shah's military during his invasion of the Mughal Empire in 1738. Popular history has it that the Shah could see the talent in his young commander.
The most famous Pashto poem he wrote was Love of a Nation: == Personal life == During Nader Shah's invasion of India in 1739, Abdali also accompanied him and stayed some days in the Red Fort of Delhi.
In July 1747, Ahmad Shah was appointed as the King of Afghanistan by a loya jirga in Kandahar, where he set up his capital.
Nader Shah recruited him because of his "impressive personality and valour" also because of his "loyalty to the Persian monarch". ==Rise to power== Nader Shah's rule abruptly ended in June 1747 when he was assassinated by his own guards.
On 15 July 1747, Durrani appointed Muhammad Hashim Afridi as chief of the Afridi of Peshawar.
From 1748 to 1767, he invaded Hindustan eight times.
He first crossed the Indus River in 1748, the year after his ascension – his forces sacked and absorbed Lahore.
In 1749, Ahmad Shah captured the area of Punjab around Lahore.
He conquered Herat in 1750 and Kashmir in 1752. === Indian invasions === ==== Early invasions ==== Peshawar served as a convenient point for Ahmad Shah for his military conquests in Hindustan.
The city fell to the Afghans in 1750, after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict; the Afghan forces then pushed on into present-day Iran, capturing Nishapur and Mashhad in 1751.
The city fell to the Afghans in 1750, after almost a year of siege and bloody conflict; the Afghan forces then pushed on into present-day Iran, capturing Nishapur and Mashhad in 1751.
In 1751–52, the Ahamdiya treaty was signed between the Marathas and Mughals, when Balaji Bajirao was the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire.
He conquered Herat in 1750 and Kashmir in 1752. === Indian invasions === ==== Early invasions ==== Peshawar served as a convenient point for Ahmad Shah for his military conquests in Hindustan.
Following the recapture of Mashhad in 1754, Durrani visited the eighth Imam's sepulchre and ordered repairs to be made.
The Uighurs in Kashgar under Yūsuf and his older brother Jahān Khoja of Yarkand revolted in 1754 against the Dzungars, but Jahān was taken prisoner by the Dzungars after he was betrayed by the Uch-Turfan Uighur Xi-bo-ke Khoja and Aksu Uighur Ayyūb Khoja.
The Uighurs supported the 1755 Qing assault against the Dzungars in Ili, which occurred at the same time as the Uighur revolts against the Dzungars.
However, the Dzungar Empire was annihilated by Qing China from 1755 to 1758 in a formidable assault, ending the Central Asian states danger from the Dzungar menace.
Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Durrani chose to return to India and confront the Maratha forces to regain northwestern part of the subcontinent. In 1761, Durrani set out on his campaign to win back lost territories.
However, the Dzungar Empire was annihilated by Qing China from 1755 to 1758 in a formidable assault, ending the Central Asian states danger from the Dzungar menace.
By 1759, Durrani and his army had reached Lahore and were poised to confront the Marathas.
By 1760, the Maratha groups had coalesced into a big enough army under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau.
Thus, upon his return to Kandahar in 1757, Durrani chose to return to India and confront the Maratha forces to regain northwestern part of the subcontinent. In 1761, Durrani set out on his campaign to win back lost territories.
The Third battle of Panipat was fought between Durrani's Afghan forces and the Maratha forces in January 1761, and resulted in a decisive Durrani victory. ===Central Asia=== The historical area of what is modern day Xinjiang consisted of the distinct areas of the Tarim Basin and Dzungaria, and was originally populated by Indo-European Tocharian and Eastern Iranian Saka peoples who practiced the Buddhist religion.
14, p. 62, ==External links== Abdali Tribe History Third Battle of Panipat, 1761 Famous Diamonds: The Koh-I-Noor Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali The story of the Koh-i Noor 1722 births 1772 deaths 18th-century Afghan monarchs Emirs of Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Afghan poets Afsharid generals Pashtun people Pashto-language poets People from Herat People from Kandahar People from Multan Afghan Muslims 18th-century monarchs in Asia
From 1748 to 1767, he invaded Hindustan eight times.
1722 – 4 June 1772) (Pashto: احمد شاه دراني), also known as Ahmad Khān Abdālī (احمد خان ابدالي), was the founder of the Durrani Empire and is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan.
The exception was Ala Singh of Patiala, who sided with the Afghans and was actually being granted and coincidentally crowned the first Sikh Maharajah at the Sikh holy temple. ==Death and legacy== Durrani died of his illness on 4 June 1772 in Maruf, Kandahar Province.
His refusal to continue his campaigns deeper into India prevented a clash with the company and allowed them to continue to acquire power and influence after they established complete control over the former Mughal province of Bengal in 1793.
This fear led in 1798 to a Company envoy being sent to the Persian court in part to instigate the Persians in their claims on Herat to forestall a possible Afghan invasion of India that might have halted Company expansion.
Murry, 1819. Griffiths, John C.
Until Dost Mohammad Khan's ascendancy in 1826, chaos reigned in Afghanistan, which effectively ceased to exist as a single entity, disintegrating into a fragmented collection of small countries or units.
History of Afghanistan, from the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878.
Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization, 1977. Elphinstone, Mountstuart.
Oxford University Press, 1983.
Carlton Books, 2001.
Wiley-Blackwell, 2002.
The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003.
Adamant Media Corporation, 2005.
Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
According to other sources, Nader Shah did not believe in it and asked him to be kind to his descendants "on the attaintment of royalty". == In Popular Culture == In the 2019 Bollywood war drama Panipat, Abdali appears as the primary antagonist, and is portrayed by Sanjay Dutt. ==See also== List of monarchs of Afghanistan ==References== == Notes == ==Bibliography== Caroe, Olaf (1958).
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