Aircraft Carriers: A History of Carrier Aviation and its Influence on World Events, 1901–2006.
Military Aviation, 1909, Edited and translated by Lee Kennett, Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 2003, . Chesneau, Roger.
Two months later, on 18 January 1911, Ely landed his Curtiss Pusher airplane on a platform on the armored cruiser anchored in San Francisco Bay.
Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French of 1911. Early in World War I, the Imperial Japanese Navy ship conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914, a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser and the Imperial German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit.
Two-Block Fox: The Rise of the Aircraft Carrier, 1911–1929.
On 9 May 1912, the first airplane take-off from a ship underway was made from the deck of the Royal Navy's pre-dreadnought battleship .
Armed Forces International Aircraft carriers of the US Navy Info about flight deck crew, arresting cables, catapults How Stuff Works—Aircraft Carriers Haze Gray & Underway, World Aircraft Carrier Lists comprehensive and detailed listings of all the world's aircraft carriers and seaplane tenders from 1913 to 2001, with photo gallery. Ships That Mother Seaplanes: craft of the "hush-hush" fleet may play a part in first trans-Atlantic flight.
Seaplane tender support ships came next, with the French of 1911. Early in World War I, the Imperial Japanese Navy ship conducted the world's first successful ship-launched air raid: on 6 September 1914, a Farman aircraft launched by Wakamiya attacked the Austro-Hungarian cruiser and the Imperial German gunboat Jaguar in Kiaochow Bay off Tsingtao; neither was hit.
Aircraft Carriers of the World, 1914 to the Present: An Illustrated Encyclopedia.
The first carrier-launched airstrike was the Tondern raid in July 1918.
In 1918, became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships.
This resulted in the commissioning of ships such as the Japanese (1922), (1924, although laid down in 1918 before Hōshō), and (1927).
Popular Science monthly, February 1919, page 80, on Google Books. Ship types Articles containing video clips
In 1918, became the world's first carrier capable of launching and recovering naval aircraft. As a result of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, which limited the construction of new heavy surface combat ships, most early aircraft carriers were conversions of ships that were laid down (or had served) as different ship types: cargo ships, cruisers, battlecruisers, or battleships.
CAM ships were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range land-based German aircraft. ===Postwar era=== Before World War II, international naval treaties of 1922, 1930, and 1936 limited the size of capital ships including carriers.
Carrier operations of other nations use similar color schemes. ====Deck structures==== The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on in 1923.
United States navy fleet problems and the development of carrier aviation, 1929–1933.
CAM ships were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range land-based German aircraft. ===Postwar era=== Before World War II, international naval treaties of 1922, 1930, and 1936 limited the size of capital ships including carriers.
CAM ships were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range land-based German aircraft. ===Postwar era=== Before World War II, international naval treaties of 1922, 1930, and 1936 limited the size of capital ships including carriers.
It was first used by The New York Times in 1938, in an article about the Royal Navy's , that had a length of , a displacement of 22,000 tonnes and was designed to carry 72 aircraft.
The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940, when launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes.
However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940. This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft.
The Japanese surprise attack on the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor naval and air bases on Sunday, 7 December 1941, was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers.
Further versatility was demonstrated during the "Doolittle Raid", on 18 April 1942, when US Navy carrier sailed to within of Japan and launched 16 B-25 bombers from her deck in a retaliatory strike on the mainland, including the capital, Tokyo.
The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years.
Today's aircraft carriers are so expensive that some nations which operate them risk significant economic and military impact if a carrier is lost. Some changes were made after 1945 in carriers: The angled flight deck was invented by Royal Navy Captain (later Rear Admiral) Dennis Cambell, as naval aviation jets higher speeds required carriers be modified to "fit" their needs.
The arrested-recovery system has used an angled deck since the 1950s because, in case the aircraft does not catch the arresting wire, the short deck allows easier take off by reducing the number of objects between the aircraft and the end of the runway.
This increase in effective wind speed provides a higher launch airspeed for aircraft at the end of the catapult stroke or ski-jump, as well as making recovery safer by reducing the difference between the relative speeds of the aircraft and ship. Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship.
Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname).
From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as the optical landing system have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio. Key personnel involved in the flight deck include the shooters, the handler, and the air boss.
Naval Institute Press, 1974. Nordeen, Lon, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, 1985, . Polmar, Norman.
They form the central part of the UK Carrier Strike Group. Future The Queen Elizabeth-class ships are expected to have service lives of 50 years, therefore there are not imminent studies on their replacement. ===United States=== Current 11 CATOBAR carriers, all nuclear-powered: ten 101,000-tonne, fleet carriers, the first of which was commissioned in 1975.
They served the Royal Navy during the war, and the hull design was chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war, until the 1980s.
Naval Institute Press, 1984. Francillon, René J, Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club US Carrier Operations off Vietnam, 1988, . Melhorn, Charles M.
The project is in the design phase . ===Italy=== Current 2 STOVL carriers: 14,000-tonne Italian STOVL carrier, commissioned in 1985. 27,000-tonne Italian STOVL carrier designed and built with secondary amphibious assault facilities, commissioned in 2008. Future Italy plans to replace ageing aircraft carrier Garibaldi, as well as one of the San Giorgio-class landing helicopter docks, with a new amphibious assault ship, to be named Trieste.
Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995.
Naval Institute Press, 1974. Nordeen, Lon, Air Warfare in the Missile Age, 1985, . Polmar, Norman.
Naval Institute Press, 1984. Francillon, René J, Tonkin Gulf Yacht Club US Carrier Operations off Vietnam, 1988, . Melhorn, Charles M.
Launched in 1985 as Tbilisi, renamed and operational from 1995.
Commissioned in 1997.
The ship displaces 21,578 tonnes, is long and has a range of . Atlântico will undergo operational sea training under the Royal Navy's Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST) program. ===China=== Current 2 STOBAR carriers: was originally built as the Soviet carrier Varyag and was later purchased as a hulk in 1998 on the pretext of use as a floating casino, then towed to China for rebuild and completion.
The AV-8S Matador/Harrier STOVL fighter wing, mostly inoperable by 1999, was retired from service without replacement in 2006.
On 16 September 2016, DCNS delivered the second of two helicopter carriers, the landing helicopter dock which also participated in a joint military exercise with the French Navy before arriving at its home port of Alexandria. Egypt is so far the only country in Africa or the Middle East to possess a helicopter carrier. ===France=== Current The French Navy operates the , a 42,000-tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy.
Armed Forces International Aircraft carriers of the US Navy Info about flight deck crew, arresting cables, catapults How Stuff Works—Aircraft Carriers Haze Gray & Underway, World Aircraft Carrier Lists comprehensive and detailed listings of all the world's aircraft carriers and seaplane tenders from 1913 to 2001, with photo gallery. Ships That Mother Seaplanes: craft of the "hush-hush" fleet may play a part in first trans-Atlantic flight.
Military Aviation, 1909, Edited and translated by Lee Kennett, Air University Press, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, 2003, . Chesneau, Roger.
The carrier was purchased by India on 20 January 2004 after years of negotiations at a final price of $2.35 billion.
PhD dissertation Texas A&M University, 2005.
The AV-8S Matador/Harrier STOVL fighter wing, mostly inoperable by 1999, was retired from service without replacement in 2006.
(two vols.) Potomac Books, 2006. Wadle, Ryan David.
The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or eight new carriers (one every four years).
The project is in the design phase . ===Italy=== Current 2 STOVL carriers: 14,000-tonne Italian STOVL carrier, commissioned in 1985. 27,000-tonne Italian STOVL carrier designed and built with secondary amphibious assault facilities, commissioned in 2008. Future Italy plans to replace ageing aircraft carrier Garibaldi, as well as one of the San Giorgio-class landing helicopter docks, with a new amphibious assault ship, to be named Trieste.
Also, well deck, and vehicle storage area which can be used as additional hangar space, launched in 2008, commissioned 30 September 2010. ===Thailand=== Current 1 offshore helicopter support ship: helicopter carrier: 11,400-tonne STOVL carrier based on Spanish design.
She was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia. Future India started the construction of , also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1 (IAC-1) a 40,000-tonne, aircraft carrier in 2009.
Also, well deck, and vehicle storage area which can be used as additional hangar space, launched in 2008, commissioned 30 September 2010. ===Thailand=== Current 1 offshore helicopter support ship: helicopter carrier: 11,400-tonne STOVL carrier based on Spanish design.
As of 2010, the ship is used for helicopter operations and for disaster relief. ===Turkey=== Future is a 24,660-tonne planned amphibious assault ship (LHD) of the Turkish Navy that can be configured as a 27,079-tonne light aircraft carrier.
Liaoning was commissioned on 25 September 2012 and began service for testing and training.
On 24 or 25 November 2012, Liaoning successfully launched and recovered several Shenyang J-15 jet fighter aircraft.
The main new features are implementation of Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System (EMALS) (which replace the old steam catapults) and unmanned aerial vehicles. Following the deactivation of in December 2012, the US fleet comprised 10 fleet carriers, but that number increased back to 11 with the commissioning of Gerald R.
The two-ship class, based on the Spanish vessel and built by Navantia and BAE Systems Australia, represents the largest ships ever built for the Royal Australian Navy. underwent sea trials in late 2013 and was commissioned in 2014.
The ship successfully completed her sea trials in July 2013 and aviation trials in September 2013.
She was formally commissioned on 16 November 2013 at a ceremony held at Severodvinsk, Russia. Future India started the construction of , also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 1 (IAC-1) a 40,000-tonne, aircraft carrier in 2009.
The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2021. A second carrier, , also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 2 (IAC-2) with a displacement of over 65,000 tonnes is planned with CATOBAR system to launch and recover heavier aircraft and unmanned combat aircraft.
Trieste is to carry the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter. ===Japan=== Current 4 helicopter carriers: 2 s – 19,000-tonne (full load) anti-submarine warfare carriers with enhanced command-and-control capabilities allowing them to serve as fleet flagships. 2 s – , 19,500-tonne (27,000 tonnes full load) [carrier] Izumo was launched August 2013 and commissioned March 2015.
The two-ship class, based on the Spanish vessel and built by Navantia and BAE Systems Australia, represents the largest ships ever built for the Royal Australian Navy. underwent sea trials in late 2013 and was commissioned in 2014.
Her sister ship, , was commissioned in December 2015.
The two ships were originally destined for Russia, but the deal was cancelled by France due to Russian involvement in Ukraine. On 2 June 2016, Egypt received the first of two helicopter carriers acquired in October 2015, the landing helicopter dock .
Trieste is to carry the F-35B Joint Strike Fighter. ===Japan=== Current 4 helicopter carriers: 2 s – 19,000-tonne (full load) anti-submarine warfare carriers with enhanced command-and-control capabilities allowing them to serve as fleet flagships. 2 s – , 19,500-tonne (27,000 tonnes full load) [carrier] Izumo was launched August 2013 and commissioned March 2015.
The two ships were originally destined for Russia, but the deal was cancelled by France due to Russian involvement in Ukraine. On 2 June 2016, Egypt received the first of two helicopter carriers acquired in October 2015, the landing helicopter dock .
On 16 September 2016, DCNS delivered the second of two helicopter carriers, the landing helicopter dock which also participated in a joint military exercise with the French Navy before arriving at its home port of Alexandria. Egypt is so far the only country in Africa or the Middle East to possess a helicopter carrier. ===France=== Current The French Navy operates the , a 42,000-tonne nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, commissioned in 2001 and is the flagship of the French Navy.
Construction began on 30 April 2016 by Sedef Shipbuilding Inc.
The Australian ships retain the ski-ramp from the Juan Carlos I design, although the RAN has not acquired carrier-based fixed-wing aircraft. ===Brazil=== Current In December 2017, the Brazilian Navy confirmed the purchase of for (GBP) £84.6 million (equivalent to R$359.5M and US$113.2M) and renamed it Atlântico.
After Liaoning completed a refit in January 2019, she was assigned to the North Sea Fleet, a change from its previous role as a training carrier. Shandong was launched on 26 April 2017.
Izumo's sister ship, Kaga, was commissioned in 2017. Future 2 STOVL carriers: In December 2018, the Japanese Cabinet gave approval to convert both Izumo-class destroyers into aircraft carriers for F-35B STOVL operations.
was commissioned in December 2017 and in December 2019. It is anticipated that Queen Elizabeth will undertake her first operational deployment in 2021.
The lead of the class came into service in 2017, with another nine planned. 9 amphibious assault ships carrying vehicles, Marine fighters, attack and transport helicopters, and landing craft with STOVL fighters for CAS and CAP: a class of 45,000-tonne amphibious assault ships, although the lead ship in this class does not have a well deck.
Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2017) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000-tonne s, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs.
The ship was decommissioned from Royal Navy service in March 2018.The Brazilian Navy commissioned the carrier on 29 June 2018 in the United Kingdom.
Shandong started sea trials on 23 April 2018, and entered service in December 2019. 1 Landing Helicopter Dock A type 75 LHD, Hainan (pennant number 31) was commissioned on 23 April 2021 at the naval base in Sanya. Future Chinese officials stated that a third carrier, also known as Type 003 carrier is being constructed in the Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard.
In addition, the French Navy operates three s. Future In October 2018, the French Ministry of Defence began an 18-month study for €40 million for the eventual future replacement of the beyond 2030.
Izumo's sister ship, Kaga, was commissioned in 2017. Future 2 STOVL carriers: In December 2018, the Japanese Cabinet gave approval to convert both Izumo-class destroyers into aircraft carriers for F-35B STOVL operations.
The construction of a sister ship, to be named TCG Trakya, is currently being planned by the Turkish Navy. In 2018, İÇDAŞ, a Turkish company, started the construction of the Kızılelma Shipyard in the Biga district of Çanakkale Province specifically for building a new type of large aircraft carrier which is currently being designed by the Turkish Naval Forces.
The first of this class, , is now in active service with another, , and 9 more are planned. In a report to Congress in February 2018, the Navy stated it intends to maintain a "12 CVN force" as part of its 30-year acquisition plan. ==Aircraft carriers in preservation== ===Current museum carriers=== A few aircraft carriers have been preserved as museum ships.
After Liaoning completed a refit in January 2019, she was assigned to the North Sea Fleet, a change from its previous role as a training carrier. Shandong was launched on 26 April 2017.
Shandong started sea trials on 23 April 2018, and entered service in December 2019. 1 Landing Helicopter Dock A type 75 LHD, Hainan (pennant number 31) was commissioned on 23 April 2021 at the naval base in Sanya. Future Chinese officials stated that a third carrier, also known as Type 003 carrier is being constructed in the Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard.
In May 2019, the Center for Strategic and International Studies released satellite images of what they said was the third carrier under construction at Jiangnan Shipyard near Shanghai.
was commissioned in December 2017 and in December 2019. It is anticipated that Queen Elizabeth will undertake her first operational deployment in 2021.
After undertaking a period of maintenance in the UK, was expected to travel to its home port, Arsenal do Rio de Janeiro (AMRJ) and be fully operational by 2020. The helicopter carrier package for Brazil includes an Artisan 3D search radar, KH1007 surface surveillance radar system, four 30 mm DS30M Mk 2 remote weapon systems and four Mk 5B landing craft.
In December 2020, President Macron announced that construction of the next generation carrier would begin in around 2025 with sea trials to start in about 2036.
The Japanese STOVL F-35s, when delivered, will be operated by the Japan Air Self Defense Force from land bases; according to the 2020 Japanese Defense Ministry white paper the STOVL model was chosen for the JASDF due the lack of appropriately long runways to support air superiority capability across all of Japanese airspace.
In December 2020, details of South Korea's planned carrier program (CVX) were finalized.
at their Istanbul shipyard and is expected to be completed by the end of 2020.
The dry dock of the Kızılelma Shipyard, completed in 2020, is long and wide. ===United Kingdom=== Current Two 65,000-tonne Queen Elizabeth-class STOVL carriers which will operate the F-35 Lightning II.
As of the end of April 2020, 18 F-35B aircraft had been delivered to the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force.
Shandong started sea trials on 23 April 2018, and entered service in December 2019. 1 Landing Helicopter Dock A type 75 LHD, Hainan (pennant number 31) was commissioned on 23 April 2021 at the naval base in Sanya. Future Chinese officials stated that a third carrier, also known as Type 003 carrier is being constructed in the Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard.
The ship was launched in August 2013 and is scheduled for commissioning in 2021. A second carrier, , also known as Indigenous Aircraft Carrier 2 (IAC-2) with a displacement of over 65,000 tonnes is planned with CATOBAR system to launch and recover heavier aircraft and unmanned combat aircraft.
was commissioned in December 2017 and in December 2019. It is anticipated that Queen Elizabeth will undertake her first operational deployment in 2021.
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