The Story of Alaska Natives and Their Land, 1867-1959, (University of Alaska Press 2003). Mitchell, Donald Craig.
1601 et seq. ==Background== When Alaska became a state in 1959, section 4 of the Alaska Statehood Act provided that any existing Alaska Native land claims would be unaffected by statehood and held in status quo.
The Story of Congress's Historic Settlement of Alaska Native Land Claims, 1960-1971, (University of Alaska Press 2001). Morgan, Lael.
The federal Bureau of Land Management began to process the Alaska government's selections without taking into account the Native claims and without informing the affected Native groups. It was against this backdrop that the original language for a land claims settlement was developed. A 9.2-magnitude earthquake struck the state in 1964.
Nothing was done with this proposal, however, and a freeze on land transfers remained in effect. In 1966, Emil Notti called for a statewide meeting inviting numerous leaders around Alaska to gather and create the first meeting of a committee.
The historic meeting was held October 18, 1966 - on the 99th anniversary of the transfer of Alaska from Russia.
When the group met a second time early in 1967, it emerged with a new name, The Alaska Federation of Natives, and a new full-time President, Emil Notti.
AFN changed the human rights and economic stability of the Alaska Native population forever. In 1968, Governor Walter Hickel summoned a group of Native leaders to work out a settlement that would be satisfactory to Natives.
The most controversial issues that continued to hold up approval were methods for determining land selection by Alaska Natives and financial distribution. In 1968, the Atlantic-Richfield Company discovered oil at Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic coast, catapulting the issue of land ownership into headlines.
They also asked for 10% of federal mineral lease revenue. In 1969, President Nixon appointed Hickel as Secretary of the Interior.
The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 18, 1971, constituting at the time the largest land claims settlement in United States history.
In 1971, the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act was signed into law by President Nixon.
The land and money were to be divided among regional, urban, and village tribal corporations established under the law, often recognizing existing leadership. ==Effect of land conveyances== In 1971, barely one million acres of land in Alaska were in private hands.
That is larger by than the combined areas of Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia. When the bill passed in 1971, it included provisions that had never before been attempted in previous United States settlements with Native Americans.
An Eskimo Chronicle, (The Indian Historian Press 1971). "Settling the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act", 38 Stan.
227 (1985). ==External links== The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Resource Center Alaska Native Land Claims Settlement Act of 1971 Revisiting the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) Alaska Native Corporation Links United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes 1971 in Alaska 1971 in American law 91st United States Congress
28–3, pp. 201–208 (September 1975) Linxwiler, James D.
The Politics of Oil and Native Land Claims, (Indiana University Press 1975). Berger, Thomas R.
(Winter 1976) London, J.
Alaska Native Land Claims, (Alaska Native Foundation 1978). Berry, Mary Clay.
The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission, (Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1985). Case, David S.
The Life and Times of Alaskan Howard Rock, (Epicenter Press 1988). Senungetuk, Joseph E.
Amendments to ANCSA extended that deadline until 1994, with the expectation that BLM would complete processing of land transfers subject to overlapping Native claims by 2009.
(Fall 2001) ==Further reading== Arnold, Robert D.
The Story of Congress's Historic Settlement of Alaska Native Land Claims, 1960-1971, (University of Alaska Press 2001). Morgan, Lael.
The Story of Alaska Natives and Their Land, 1867-1959, (University of Alaska Press 2003). Mitchell, Donald Craig.
2012) GAO Report: Increased Use of Alaska Native Corporations’ Special 8(a) Provisions Calls for Tailored Oversight (April 2006) Kentch, Gavin.
Amendments to ANCSA extended that deadline until 1994, with the expectation that BLM would complete processing of land transfers subject to overlapping Native claims by 2009.
Nonetheless, some Native and state selections under ANCSA remained unresolved as late as December 2014. ==Criticism of ANCSA== There was largely positive reaction to ANCSA, although not entirely.
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