In May 1784, local Aleuts revolted on Amchitka against the Russian traders.
In the 1820s, the Russian-American Company administered a large portion of the North Pacific during a Russian-led expansion of the fur trade.
Most native elders speak Aleut, but it is rare for common people to speak the language fluently. Beginning in 1829, Aleut was written in the Cyrillic script.
Together with high fatalities from European diseases, the Nicoleños suffered so much from the loss of their men that by 1853, only one Nicoleñan remained alive.
From 1870, the language has been written in the Latin script.
The 1910 Census count showed 1,491 Aleuts.
Washington: Carnegie institution of Washington, 1933. Jochelson, Waldemar, Bergsland, Knut (Editor) & Dirks, Moses (Editor).
(See Juana Maria, The Lone Woman of San Nicolas, also known as Karana.) ===Internment during World War II=== In June 1942, during World War II, Japanese forces occupied Kiska and Attu Islands in the western Aleutians.
Moses (1929–2014) businessman, state representative, who served from 1965 to 1973 as both a Republican and Democrat, Jacob Netsvetov (1802–1864), Russian Orthodox saint and priest Sergie Sovoroff (1901–1989), educator, iqya-x (model sea kayak) builder Eve Tuck, academic, indigenous studies == In popular culture== In Snow Crash, a science fiction novel by American writer Neal Stephenson, a central character named Raven is portrayed as an Aleut with incredible toughness and hunting skill.
Such mounds were first excavated by archeologists in 1972 on Southwestern Unmak Island, and dated to the early contact period.
Moses (1929–2014) businessman, state representative, who served from 1965 to 1973 as both a Republican and Democrat, Jacob Netsvetov (1802–1864), Russian Orthodox saint and priest Sergie Sovoroff (1901–1989), educator, iqya-x (model sea kayak) builder Eve Tuck, academic, indigenous studies == In popular culture== In Snow Crash, a science fiction novel by American writer Neal Stephenson, a central character named Raven is portrayed as an Aleut with incredible toughness and hunting skill.
The Aleut Restitution Act of 1988 was an attempt by Congress to compensate the survivors.
Fairbanks, Alaska: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 1990.. Kohlhoff, Dean.
"An enforced odyssey: The relocation and internment of Aleuts during World War II" (PhD thesis U of New Hampshire, Durham, 1993) online Murray, Martha G., and Peter L.
Seattle: University of Washington Press in association with Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, Anchorage, 1995.
Juneau, AK: Alaska State Museums, Division of Libraries, Archives and Museums, 1997. Reedy-Maschner, Katherine.
These continue to have majority-Aleut communities. According to the 2000 Census, 11,941 people identified as being Aleut, while 17,000 identified as having partial Aleut ancestry.
In the 2000 Census, 11,941 people identified as being Aleut; nearly 17,000 said Aleuts were among their ancestors. == Culture == ===Housing=== The Aleut constructed partially underground houses called barabara.
(The Russians had a small trading post there.) According to what Aleut people said, in an account recorded by Japanese castaways and published in 2004, otters were decreasing year by year.
Anchorage, Alaska: Aleutian/Pribilof Islands Association, 2005. Jochelson, Waldemar.
Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, 2006.
Akureyri, Iceland: CAFF International Secretariat, 2006.
Montréal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2010.
On June 17, 2017, the U.S.
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