Korean is copiously attested from the mid-15th century on in the phonetically precise Hangul system of writing. ==History of the Altaic family concept== ===Origins=== A proposed grouping of the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages was published in 1730 by Philip Johan von Strahlenberg, a Swedish officer who traveled in the eastern Russian Empire while a prisoner of war after the Great Northern War.
However, he may not have intended to imply a closer relationship among those languages. ===Uralo-Altaic hypothesis=== In 1844, the Finnish philologist Matthias Castrén proposed a broader grouping, that later came to be called the Ural–Altaic family, which included Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus (=Tungusic) as an "Altaic" branch, and also the Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic languages as the "Uralic" branch (though Castrén himself used the terms "Tataric" and "Chudic").
Even linguists who accept the basic Altaic family, like Sergei Starostin, completely discard the inclusion of the "Uralic" branch. ===Korean and Japanese languages=== In 1857, the Austrian scholar Anton Boller suggested adding Japanese to the Ural–Altaic family. In the 1920s, G.J.
They were deciphered in 1893 by the Danish linguist Vilhelm Thomsen in a scholarly race with his rival, the German–Russian linguist Wilhelm Radloff.
Even linguists who accept the basic Altaic family, like Sergei Starostin, completely discard the inclusion of the "Uralic" branch. ===Korean and Japanese languages=== In 1857, the Austrian scholar Anton Boller suggested adding Japanese to the Ural–Altaic family. In the 1920s, G.J.
Since the 1950s, many comparative linguists have rejected the proposal, after supposed cognates were found not to be valid, hypothesized sound shifts were not found and Turkic and Mongolic languages were found to be converging rather than diverging over the centuries.
Decades later, in his 1952 book, Ramstedt rejected the Ural–Altaic hypothesis but again included Korean in Altaic, an inclusion followed by most leading Altaicists (supporters of the theory) to date.
Starostin in 2008 In 2010, Lars Johanson echoed Miller's 1996 rebuttal to the critics, and called for a muting of the polemic. ===List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis=== The list below comprises linguists who have worked specifically on the Altaic problem since the publication of the first volume of Ramstedt's Einführung in 1952.
Central Asiatic Journal 53 (1): 105–147. ==External links== Altaic at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Ramstedt 1957, Miller 1971, and Poppe 1982 Swadesh vocabulary lists for Altaic languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix) Monumenta altaica Altaic linguistics website, maintained by Ilya Gruntov Altaic Etymological Dictionary, database version by Sergei A.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
It was widely accepted until the 1960s and is still listed in many encyclopedias and handbooks.
The name "Uralic" referred to the Ural Mountains. While the Ural-Altaic family hypothesis can still be found in some encyclopedias, atlases, and similar general references, after the 1960s it has been heavily criticized.
His book contained the first comprehensive attempt to identify regular correspondences among the sound systems within the Altaic language families. In 1960, Nicholas Poppe published what was in effect a heavily revised version of Ramstedt's volume on phonology that has since set the standard in Altaic studies.
Given also that there is neither a strong proof of common Proto-Altaic lexical items nor solid regular sound correspondences but, rather, only lexical and structural borrowings between languages of the Altaic typology, our results indirectly speak in favour of a “Paleo-Asiatic” origin of the Japonic and Koreanic languages." ===The Ainu language=== In 1962 John C.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Street 1962), called Eurasiatic by Greenberg. J.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
In his view, there were three possibilities: (1) Korean did not belong with the other three genealogically, but had been influenced by an Altaic substratum; (2) Korean was related to the other three at the same level they were related to each other; (3) Korean had split off from the other three before they underwent a series of characteristic changes. Roy Andrew Miller's 1971 book Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages convinced most Altaicists that Japanese also belonged to Altaic.
Central Asiatic Journal 53 (1): 105–147. ==External links== Altaic at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Ramstedt 1957, Miller 1971, and Poppe 1982 Swadesh vocabulary lists for Altaic languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix) Monumenta altaica Altaic linguistics website, maintained by Ilya Gruntov Altaic Etymological Dictionary, database version by Sergei A.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
However, the Inscription of Hüis Tolgoi, discovered in 1975 and analysed as being in an early form of Mongolic, has been dated to 604-620 AD.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Origins of the Japanese Language: Lectures in Japan during the Academic Year 1977–1978.
Common ancestor of Korean, Japanese and traditional Altaic dated back to the 7th or 8th millennium BC (1975: 125). Roy Andrew Miller (1971, 1980, 1986, 1996).
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
The inclusion of Ainu was adopted also by James Patrie in 1982. The Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic and Korean-Japanese-Ainu groupings were also posited in 2000–2002 by Joseph Greenberg.
Central Asiatic Journal 53 (1): 105–147. ==External links== Altaic at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Ramstedt 1957, Miller 1971, and Poppe 1982 Swadesh vocabulary lists for Altaic languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix) Monumenta altaica Altaic linguistics website, maintained by Ilya Gruntov Altaic Etymological Dictionary, database version by Sergei A.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Common ancestor of Korean, Japanese and traditional Altaic dated back to the 7th or 8th millennium BC (1975: 125). Roy Andrew Miller (1971, 1980, 1986, 1996).
In 1988, Doerfer again rejected all the genetic claims over these major groups. ===Modern controversy=== A major continuing supporter of the Altaic hypothesis has been S.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Since then, the "Macro-Altaic" has been generally assumed to include Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese. In 1990, Unger advocated a family consisting of Tungusic, Korean, and Japonic languages, but not Turkic or Mongolic. However, many linguists dispute the alleged affinities of Korean and Japanese to the other three groups.
They also included a number of grammatical correspondences between the languages. ====Shared lexicon==== Starostin claimed in 1991 that the members of the proposed Altaic group shared about 15–20% of apparent cognates within a 110-word Swadesh-Yakhontov list; in particular, Turkic–Mongolic 20%, Turkic–Tungusic 18%, Turkic–Korean 17%, Mongolic–Tungusic 22%, Mongolic–Korean 16%, and Tungusic–Korean 21%.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
LINGUIST List 5.908, 18 August 1994. Janhune, Juha.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Formerly an advocate of Altaic (1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001), now a critic. Alexander Shcherbak. Alexander B.
Starostin in 2008 In 2010, Lars Johanson echoed Miller's 1996 rebuttal to the critics, and called for a muting of the polemic. ===List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis=== The list below comprises linguists who have worked specifically on the Altaic problem since the publication of the first volume of Ramstedt's Einführung in 1952.
Common ancestor of Korean, Japanese and traditional Altaic dated back to the 7th or 8th millennium BC (1975: 125). Roy Andrew Miller (1971, 1980, 1986, 1996).
Formerly an advocate of Altaic (1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001), now a critic. Alexander Shcherbak. Alexander B.
"Japanese, Korean, and Tungusic: evidence for genetic relationship from verbal morphology." Altaic Affinities (Proceedings of the 40th Meeting of PIAC, Provo, Utah, 1997), edited by David B.
Shevoroshkin, Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997, 88–93.
Formerly an advocate of Altaic (1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001), now a critic. Alexander Shcherbak. Alexander B.
The inclusion of Ainu was adopted also by James Patrie in 1982. The Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic and Korean-Japanese-Ainu groupings were also posited in 2000–2002 by Joseph Greenberg.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Formerly an advocate of Altaic (1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001), now a critic. Alexander Shcherbak. Alexander B.
Formerly an advocate of Altaic (1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001), now a critic. Alexander Shcherbak. Alexander B.
The 2003 Etymological Dictionary includes a list of 2,800 proposed cognate sets, as well as a few important changes to the reconstruction of Proto-Altaic.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic and perhaps Korean. Alexis Manaster Ramer. Martine Robbeets (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015) (in the form of "Transeurasian"). G.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Greenberg, Genetic Linguistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, 325–330.) Hahn, Reinhard F.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic and perhaps Korean. Alexis Manaster Ramer. Martine Robbeets (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015) (in the form of "Transeurasian"). G.
Starostin in 2008 In 2010, Lars Johanson echoed Miller's 1996 rebuttal to the critics, and called for a muting of the polemic. ===List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis=== The list below comprises linguists who have worked specifically on the Altaic problem since the publication of the first volume of Ramstedt's Einführung in 1952.
Starostin 2008). Frederik Kortlandt (2010). Karl H.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic and perhaps Korean. Alexis Manaster Ramer. Martine Robbeets (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015) (in the form of "Transeurasian"). G.
Starostin 2008). Sergei Starostin (1991, S.
Bulletin of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, 31 March 2008, 264: ____. Anthony, David W.
Starostin in 2008 In 2010, Lars Johanson echoed Miller's 1996 rebuttal to the critics, and called for a muting of the polemic. ===List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis=== The list below comprises linguists who have worked specifically on the Altaic problem since the publication of the first volume of Ramstedt's Einführung in 1952.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic–Korean. ====Major critics==== Gerard Clauson (1956, 1959, 1962). Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993). Susumu Ōno (1970, 2000) Juha Janhunen (1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic). Claus Schönig (2003). Stefan Georg (2004, 2005). Alexander Vovin (2005, 2010).
Stiven (2008, 2010). ====Advocates of alternative hypotheses==== James Patrie (1982) and Joseph Greenberg (2000–2002).
Central Asiatic Journal 53 (1): 105–147. ==External links== Altaic at the Linguist List MultiTree Project (not functional as of 2014): Genealogical trees attributed to Ramstedt 1957, Miller 1971, and Poppe 1982 Swadesh vocabulary lists for Altaic languages (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix) Monumenta altaica Altaic linguistics website, maintained by Ilya Gruntov Altaic Etymological Dictionary, database version by Sergei A.
Turkic–Mongolic–Tungusic and perhaps Korean. Alexis Manaster Ramer. Martine Robbeets (2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015) (in the form of "Transeurasian"). G.
Some authors instead tried to connect Japanese to the Austronesian languages. In 2017 Martine Robbeets proposed that Japanese (and possibly Korean) originated as a hybrid language.
Proto-Austronesian *Semay ‘cooked rice’ ====Archaeolinguistic support==== A study published in February 2020 in the Evolutionary Human Sciences supports the coherence of the Transeurasian (Altaic) family through archaeolinguistic evidence.
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