Andrew Carnegie (, English approximation: ; November 25, 1835August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
In 1836, the family moved to a larger house in Edgar Street (opposite Reid's Park), following the demand for more heavy damask, from which his father benefited.
High above the city, near the small town of South Fork, the South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of a canal system to be used as a reservoir for a canal basin in Johnstown.
His 1889 article proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, expressed support for progressive taxation and an estate tax, and stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1848 at age 12.
and move to Allegheny, Pennsylvania, in the United States in 1848 for the prospect of a better life.
Carnegie's migration to America would be his second journey outside Dunfermline – the first being an outing to Edinburgh to see Queen Victoria. In September 1848, Carnegie arrived with his family in Allegheny.
Carnegie's first job in 1848 was as a bobbin boy, changing spools of thread in a cotton mill 12 hours a day, 6 days a week in a Pittsburgh cotton factory.
In his autobiography, Carnegie writes about the hardships he had to endure with this new job. ===Railroads=== In 1849, Carnegie became a telegraph messenger boy in the Pittsburgh Office of the Ohio Telegraph Company, at $2.50 per week ($ by inflation) following the recommendation of his uncle.
His capacity, his willingness for hard work, his perseverance and his alertness soon brought him opportunities. Starting in 1853, when Carnegie was around 18 years old, Thomas A.
High above the city, near the small town of South Fork, the South Fork Dam was originally built between 1838 and 1853 by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as part of a canal system to be used as a reservoir for a canal basin in Johnstown.
In his 1854 essay "Manners and Fashion", Spencer referred to public education as "Old schemes".
In 1855, Scott made it possible for Carnegie to invest $500 in the Adams Express, which contracted with the Pennsylvania to carry its messengers.
On December 1, 1859, Carnegie officially became superintendent of the Western Division.
Carnegie started work as a telegrapher, and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks.
The young Carnegie continued to work for the Pennsylvania's Tom Scott, and introduced several improvements in the service. In spring 1861, Carnegie was appointed by Scott, who was now Assistant Secretary of War in charge of military transportation, as Superintendent of the Military Railways and the Union Government's telegraph lines in the East.
The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901 Krass, Peter.
The war demonstrated how integral the industries were to American success. ===Keystone Bridge Company=== In 1864, Carnegie was one of the early investors in the Columbia Oil Company in Venango County, Pennsylvania.
He was highly influenced in public life by John Bright. ===On wealth=== As early as 1868, at age 33, he drafted a memo to himself.
Louis, Missouri (completed 1874).
Presidents, statesmen, and notable writers. Carnegie constructed commodious swimming-baths for the people of his hometown in Dunfermline in 1879.
In the late 1880s, Carnegie Steel was the largest manufacturer of pig iron, steel rails, and coke in the world, with a capacity to produce approximately 2,000 tons of pig iron per day.
To this end, in the early 1880s in partnership with Samuel Storey, he purchased numerous newspapers in England, all of which were to advocate the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of "the British Republic".
In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Medical College (now part of New York University Medical Center) to found a histological laboratory, now called the Carnegie Laboratory. In 1881, Carnegie took his family, including his 70-year-old mother, on a trip to the United Kingdom.
With the coming-of-age of railroads superseding canal barge transport, the lake was abandoned by the Commonwealth, sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and sold again to private interests and eventually came to be owned by the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club in 1881.
Between 1881, when the club was opened, and 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud and straw.
the man who dies thus rich dies disgraced." However, he did not begin his philanthropic work in all earnest until 1881, at age 46, with the gift of a library to his hometown of Dunfermline, Scotland. Carnegie wrote "The Gospel of Wealth", an article in which he stated his belief that the rich should use their wealth to help enrich society.
In 1883, Carnegie bought the rival Homestead Steel Works, which included an extensive plant served by tributary coal and iron fields, a long railway, and a line of lake steamships.
The first Carnegie library opened in 1883 in Dunfermline.
In 1884, he gave $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Medical College (now part of New York University Medical Center) to found a histological laboratory, now called the Carnegie Laboratory. In 1881, Carnegie took his family, including his 70-year-old mother, on a trip to the United Kingdom.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1884. An American Four-in-Hand in Britain.
His method was to provide funds to build and equip the library, but only on condition that the local authority matched that by providing the land and a budget for operation and maintenance. To secure local interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for a public library, and in 1886, he gave $250,000 to Allegheny City, Pennsylvania for a music hall and library; and $250,000 to Edinburgh for a free library.
After she died in 1886, the 51-year-old Carnegie married Louise Whitfield, who was 21 years his junior.
Carnegie's charm, aided by his wealth, afforded him many British friends, including Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone. In 1886, Carnegie's younger brother Thomas died at age 43.
Following his tour of the UK, he wrote about his experiences in a book entitled An American Four-in-hand in Britain. Although actively involved in running his many businesses, Carnegie had become a regular contributor to numerous magazines, most notably The Nineteenth Century, under the editorship of James Knowles, and the influential North American Review, led by editor Lloyd Bryce. In 1886, Carnegie wrote his most radical work to date, entitled Triumphant Democracy.
His method was to provide funds to build and equip the library, but only on condition that the local authority matched that by providing the land and a budget for operation and maintenance. To secure local interest, in 1885, he gave $500,000 to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for a public library, and in 1886, he gave $250,000 to Allegheny City, Pennsylvania for a music hall and library; and $250,000 to Edinburgh for a free library.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. ====Investing in education==== In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to found the Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1886. Triumphant Democracy, or, Fifty Years' March of the Republic.
New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1886. The Bugaboo of Trusts.
His 1889 article proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, expressed support for progressive taxation and an estate tax, and stimulated a wave of philanthropy. Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1848 at age 12.
Carnegie combined his assets and those of his associates in 1892 with the launching of the Carnegie Steel Company. By 1889, the U.S.
The book made many Americans appreciate their country's economic progress and sold over 40,000 copies, mostly in the US. In 1889, Carnegie published "Wealth" in the June issue of the North American Review.
Between 1881, when the club was opened, and 1889, the dam frequently sprang leaks and was patched, mostly with mud and straw.
Such repair work, a reduction in height, and unusually high snowmelt and heavy spring rains combined to cause the dam to give way on May 31, 1889, resulting in twenty million tons of water sweeping down the valley as the Johnstown Flood.
381 (June 1889), pp. 653–64.
Carnegie combined his assets and those of his associates in 1892 with the launching of the Carnegie Steel Company. By 1889, the U.S.
The Carnegie-donated library is now owned by the Johnstown Area Heritage Association, and houses the Flood Museum. ===1892: Homestead Strike=== The Homestead Strike was a bloody labor confrontation lasting 143 days in 1892, one of the most serious in U.S.
In 1897, the couple had their only child, a daughter, whom they named after Carnegie's mother, Margaret. Carnegie made his fortune in the steel industry, controlling the most extensive integrated iron and steel operations ever owned by an individual in the United States.
In 1898, Carnegie tried to arrange independence for the Philippines.
In 1898 Carnegie joined the American Anti-Imperialist League, in opposition to the U.S.
He also donated £50,000 to help set up the University of Birmingham in 1899. As Van Slyck (1991) showed, during the last years of the 19th century, there was increasing adoption of the idea that free libraries should be available to the American public.
He opposed the annexation of the Philippines almost to the point of supporting William Jennings Bryan against McKinley in 1900.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. ====Investing in education==== In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to found the Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C.
Carnegie tried to keep this information concealed, but legal documents released in 1900, during proceedings with the ex-chairman of Carnegie Steel, Henry Clay Frick, revealed how favorable the tariffs had been.
Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000.
Steel==== In 1901, Carnegie was 66 years of age and considering retirement.
He concluded negotiations on March 2, 1901, and formed the United States Steel Corporation.
The letter agreeing to sell his share was signed on February 26, 1901.
From 1901 forward, public attention was turned from the shrewd business acumen which had enabled Carnegie to accumulate such a fortune, to the public-spirited way in which he devoted himself to utilizing it on philanthropic projects.
I should like to be satisfied before I depart, that we are going to repay to the old land some part of the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The telescope saw first light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive. In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
It was created by a deed which he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated by Royal Charter on August 21, 1902.
Andrews in December 1901, and formally installed as such in October 1902, serving until 1907.
He gave the trustees a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of financing rural library schemes rather than erecting library buildings, and of assisting the musical education of the people rather than granting organs to churches. In 1901, Carnegie also established large pension funds for his former employees at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.
This act strongly impressed the other American anti-imperialists, who soon elected him vice-president of the Anti-Imperialist League. After he sold his steel company in 1901, Carnegie was able to get fully involved in the peace cause, both financially and personally.
New York: The Century Co., 1901. Industrial Peace: Address at the Annual Dinner of the National Civic Federation, New York City, December 15, 1904.
The building was completed in late 1902, and he lived there until his death in 1919.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. ====Investing in education==== In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to found the Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C.
It was created by a deed which he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated by Royal Charter on August 21, 1902.
Andrews in December 1901, and formally installed as such in October 1902, serving until 1907.
Also in 1902, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.
Carnegie contributed $1,500,000 in 1903 for the erection of the Peace Palace at The Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace in Washington as a home for the International Bureau of American Republics. Carnegie was honored for his philanthropy and support of the arts by initiation as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, 1917, at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts.
The two men enjoyed a mutual respect for one another and maintained correspondence until Spencer's death in 1903.
He helped Washington create the National Negro Business League. In 1904, he founded the Carnegie Hero Fund for the United States and Canada (a few years later also established in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Germany) for the recognition of deeds of heroism.
New York: The Century Co., 1901. Industrial Peace: Address at the Annual Dinner of the National Civic Federation, New York City, December 15, 1904.
He gave the trustees a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of financing rural library schemes rather than erecting library buildings, and of assisting the musical education of the people rather than granting organs to churches. In 1901, Carnegie also established large pension funds for his former employees at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.
For many years he was a member of Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church, pastored from 1905 to 1926 by Social Gospel exponent Henry Sloane Coffin, while his wife and daughter belonged to the Brick Presbyterian Church.
New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1905. Edwin M.
Andrews, 17th October 1905.
He received an honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) from the University of Aberdeen in 1906.
New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1906. Problems of Today: Wealth – Labor – Socialism.
Andrews in December 1901, and formally installed as such in October 1902, serving until 1907.
The Enoch Pratt Free Library (1886) of Baltimore, Maryland, impressed Carnegie deeply; he said, "Pratt was my guide and inspiration." Carnegie turned over management of the library project by 1908 to his staff, led by James Bertram (1874–1934).
New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1908. Speech at the Annual Meeting of the Peace Society, at the Guildhall, London, EC, May 24th, 1910.
The creation of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1910 was regarded as a milestone on the road to the ultimate goal of abolition of war.
In 1910, he received the Freedom of the City of Belfast.
New York: Doubleday, Page and Co., 1908. Speech at the Annual Meeting of the Peace Society, at the Guildhall, London, EC, May 24th, 1910.
London: The Peace Society, 1910. A League of Peace: A Rectorial Address Delivered to the Students in the University of St.
New York: New York Peace Society, 1911. Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie.
Records exist of a short period of correspondence around 1912–1913 between Carnegie and 'Abdu'l-Bahá, the eldest son of Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Baháʼí Faith.
A statue of him stands there today. He gave a further $10 million in 1913 to endow the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, a grant-making foundation.
In 1913, at the dedication of the Peace Palace in The Hague, Carnegie predicted that the end of war was as certain to come, and come soon, as day follows night. In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, Carnegie founded the Church Peace Union (CPU), a group of leaders in religion, academia, and politics.
In 1913, at the dedication of the Peace Palace in The Hague, Carnegie predicted that the end of war was as certain to come, and come soon, as day follows night. In 1914, on the eve of the First World War, Carnegie founded the Church Peace Union (CPU), a group of leaders in religion, academia, and politics.
For its inaugural international event, the CPU sponsored a conference to be held on August 1, 1914, on the shores of Lake Constance in southern Germany.
Carnegie received 1 July 1914 an [doctorate] from the University of Groningen the Netherlands. The dinosaur Diplodocus carnegiei (Hatcher) was named for Carnegie after he sponsored the expedition that discovered its remains in the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) of Utah.
Carnegie, a self-proclaimed devotee of Spencer, testified to Congress on February 5, 1915: "My business is to do as much good in the world as I can; I have retired from all other business." Carnegie held that societal progress relied on individuals who maintained moral obligations to themselves and to society.
Between 1886 and 1917, Carnegie reformed both library philanthropy and library design, encouraging a closer correspondence between the two. ====Investing in education==== In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the Carnegie Institute of Technology (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to found the Carnegie Institution at Washington, D.C.
I should like to be satisfied before I depart, that we are going to repay to the old land some part of the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The telescope saw first light on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive. In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
Carnegie contributed $1,500,000 in 1903 for the erection of the Peace Palace at The Hague; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace in Washington as a home for the International Bureau of American Republics. Carnegie was honored for his philanthropy and support of the arts by initiation as an honorary member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity on October 14, 1917, at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts.
Andrew Carnegie (, English approximation: ; November 25, 1835August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist.
The building was completed in late 1902, and he lived there until his death in 1919.
He is not only known for his successes but his huge amounts of philanthropic works, not only to charities but also to promote democracy and independence to colonized countries. ===Death=== Carnegie died on August 11, 1919, in Lenox, Massachusetts, at his Shadow Brook estate, of bronchial pneumonia.
Before his death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 for various causes.
Boston: Houghton and Mifflin, 1920. ==See also== Carnegie (disambiguation) Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps History of public library advocacy List of Carnegie libraries in the United States List of peace activists List of richest Americans in history List of wealthiest historical figures List of universities named after people ==Notes== ==References== ==Cited sources== Collections ==Further reading== Bostaph, Samuel.
For many years he was a member of Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church, pastored from 1905 to 1926 by Social Gospel exponent Henry Sloane Coffin, while his wife and daughter belonged to the Brick Presbyterian Church.
His wife Louise continued to live there until her death in 1946. The building is now used as the Cooper-Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum, part of the Smithsonian Institution.
The mansion was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1966. Carnegie devoted the rest of his life to providing capital for purposes of public interest and social and educational advancement.
"'The Utmost Amount of Effective Accommodation': Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1991 50(4): 359–383.
He had already given away $350,695,653 (approximately $76.9 billion, adjusted to 2015 share of GDP figures) of his wealth.
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