Iverson, starting in 1957 at Harvard University.
APL (named after the book A Programming Language) is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E.
In 1960, he began work for IBM where he developed this notation with Adin Falkoff and published it in his book A Programming Language in 1962.
It would run in as little as 8k 16-bit words of memory, and used a dedicated 1 megabyte hard disk. APL gained its foothold on mainframe timesharing systems from the late 1960s through the early 1980s, in part because it would support multiple users on lower-specification systems that had no dynamic address translation hardware.
Xerox APL was available from June 1975 for Xerox 560 and Sigma 6, 7, and 9 mainframes running CP-V and for Honeywell CP-6. In the 1960s and 1970s, several timesharing firms arose that sold APL services using modified versions of the IBM APL\360 interpreter.
Sharp Associates, first as a timesharing service in the 1960s, and later as a program product starting around 1979.
In the 1960s and 1970s, few terminal devices and even display monitors could reproduce the APL character set.
In 1960, he began work for IBM where he developed this notation with Adin Falkoff and published it in his book A Programming Language in 1962.
Carter his work to standardize the instruction set for the machines that later became the IBM System/360 family. In 1963, Herbert Hellerman, working at the IBM Systems Research Institute, implemented a part of the notation on an IBM 1620 computer, and it was used by students in a special high school course on calculating transcendental functions by series summation.
This implementation of a part of the notation was called Personalized Array Translator (PAT). In 1963, Falkoff, Iverson, and Edward H.
Sussenguth Jr., all working at IBM, used the notation for a formal description of the IBM System/360 series machine architecture and functionality, which resulted in a paper published in IBM Systems Journal in 1964.
Lawrence who had new duties with Science Research Associates, an educational company bought by IBM in 1964.
Falkoff and Iverson had the special APL Selectric typing elements, 987 and 988, designed in late 1964, although no APL computer system was available to use them.
Sharp Associates (IPSA), an APL\360 services company formed in 1964 by Ian Sharp, Roger Moore and others, and STSC, a time-sharing and consulting service company formed in 1969 by Lawrence Breed and others.
This work was finished in late 1965 and later named IVSYS (for Iverson system).
The basis of this implementation was described in detail by Abrams in a Stanford University Technical Report, "An Interpreter for Iverson Notation" in 1966, the academic aspect of this was formally supervised by Niklaus Wirth.
The system was later adapted for a time-sharing system and, by November 1966, it had been reprogrammed for the IBM System/360 Model 50 computer running in a time sharing mode and was used internally at IBM. === Hardware === A key development in the ability to use APL effectively, before the wide use of cathode ray tube (CRT) terminals, was the development of a special IBM Selectric typewriter interchangeable typing element with all the special APL characters on it.
This was necessary because the APL character set was much larger than the 88 characters allowed on the typing element, even when letters were restricted to upper-case (capitals). === Commercial availability === The first APL interactive login and creation of an APL workspace was in 1966 by Larry Breed using an IBM 1050 terminal at the IBM Mohansic Labs near Thomas J.
First introduced in 1966, the APL\360 system was a multi-user interpreter.
APL was first available in 1967 for the IBM 1130 as APL\1130.
It was subsequently ported to the IBM System/370 and VSPC platforms until its final release in 1983, after which it was replaced by APL2. ===APL\1130=== In 1968, APL\1130 became the first publicly available APL system, created by IBM for the IBM 1130.
Sharp Associates (IPSA), an APL\360 services company formed in 1964 by Ian Sharp, Roger Moore and others, and STSC, a time-sharing and consulting service company formed in 1969 by Lawrence Breed and others.
It was written by Jürgen Sauermann. Richard Stallman, founder of the GNU Project, was an early adopter of APL, using it to write a text editor as a high school student in the summer of 1969. == Interpretation and compilation of APL == APL is traditionally an interpreted language, having language characteristics such as weak variable typing not well suited to compilation.
Xerox APL was available from June 1975 for Xerox 560 and Sigma 6, 7, and 9 mainframes running CP-V and for Honeywell CP-6. In the 1960s and 1970s, several timesharing firms arose that sold APL services using modified versions of the IBM APL\360 interpreter.
The SIGAPL special interest group of the Association for Computing Machinery continues to support the APL community. === Microcomputers === On microcomputers, which became available from the mid 1970s onwards, BASIC became the dominant programming language.
In the 1960s and 1970s, few terminal devices and even display monitors could reproduce the APL character set.
Thus, APL is read or best understood from right-to-left. Early APL implementations (circa 1970 or so) had no programming loop-flow control structures, such as do or while loops, and if-then-else constructs.
Gitte Christensen and Morten Kromberg were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016. ===NARS2000=== NARS2000 is an open-source APL interpreter written by Bob Smith, a prominent APL developer and implementor from STSC in the 1970s and 1980s.
Iverson Award for Outstanding Contribution to APL. ===APL2=== APL2 was a significant re-implementation of APL by IBM which was developed from 1971 and first released in 1984.
Dyalog APL includes support for optimised bytecode. === Compilation === Compilation of APL has been the subject of research and experiment since the language first became available; the first compiler is considered to be the Burroughs APL-700 which was released around 1971.
it is available for mainframe computers running z/OS or z/VM and workstations running AIX, Linux, Sun Solaris, and Microsoft Windows. The entire APL2 Products and Services Team was awarded the Iverson Award in 2007. ===APLGOL=== In 1972, APLGOL was released as an experimental version of APL that added structured programming language constructs to the language framework.
The ability to programmatically communicate with the operating system for information and setting interpreter system variables was done through special privileged "I-beam" functions, using both monadic and dyadic operations. In 1973, IBM released APL.SV, which was a continuation of the same product, but which offered shared variables as a means to access facilities outside of the APL system, such as operating system files.
In the 1980s, the VSAPL program product enjoyed wide use with Conversational Monitor System (CMS), Time Sharing Option (TSO), VSPC, MUSIC/SP, and CICS users. In 1973–1974, Patrick E.
In 1973 its implementors, Larry Breed, Dick Lathwell and Roger Moore, were awarded the Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
In 1974, student Alan Stebbens was assigned the task of implementing an internal function.
Nevertheless, some microcomputers provided APL instead - the first being the Intel 8008-based MCM/70 which was released in 1974 and which was primarily used in education.
. History of Programming Languages, chapter 14 https://web.archive.org/web/20170415220158/http://www.donnamaie.com/ --> [https://books.google.com/books?id=g3uzAAAAIAAJ] === Video === The Origins of APL - a 1974 talk show style interview with the original developers of APL. APL demonstration - a 1975 live demonstration of APL by Professor Bob Spence, Imperial College London. Conway's Game Of Life in APL - a 2009 tutorial by John Scholes of Dyalog Ltd.
Xerox APL was available from June 1975 for Xerox 560 and Sigma 6, 7, and 9 mainframes running CP-V and for Honeywell CP-6. In the 1960s and 1970s, several timesharing firms arose that sold APL services using modified versions of the IBM APL\360 interpreter.
. History of Programming Languages, chapter 14 https://web.archive.org/web/20170415220158/http://www.donnamaie.com/ --> [https://books.google.com/books?id=g3uzAAAAIAAJ] === Video === The Origins of APL - a 1974 talk show style interview with the original developers of APL. APL demonstration - a 1975 live demonstration of APL by Professor Bob Spence, Imperial College London. Conway's Game Of Life in APL - a 2009 tutorial by John Scholes of Dyalog Ltd.
Another machine of this time was the VideoBrain Family Computer, released in 1977, which was supplied with its dialect of APL called APL/S. The Commodore SuperPET, introduced in 1981, included an APL interpreter developed by the University of Waterloo. In 1976, Bill Gates claimed in his Open Letter to Hobbyists that Microsoft Corporation was implementing APL for the Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 but had "very little incentive to make [it] available to hobbyists" because of software piracy.
Another machine of this time was the VideoBrain Family Computer, released in 1977, which was supplied with its dialect of APL called APL/S. The Commodore SuperPET, introduced in 1981, included an APL interpreter developed by the University of Waterloo. In 1976, Bill Gates claimed in his Open Letter to Hobbyists that Microsoft Corporation was implementing APL for the Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 but had "very little incentive to make [it] available to hobbyists" because of software piracy.
It was implemented for Hewlett-Packard in 1977. ===Dyalog APL=== Dyalog APL was first released by British company Dyalog Ltd.
CompuServe also entered the market in 1978 with an APL Interpreter based on a modified version of Digital Equipment Corp and Carnegie Mellon's, which ran on DEC's KI and KL 36-bit machines.
Sharp Associates, first as a timesharing service in the 1960s, and later as a program product starting around 1979.
It would run in as little as 8k 16-bit words of memory, and used a dedicated 1 megabyte hard disk. APL gained its foothold on mainframe timesharing systems from the late 1960s through the early 1980s, in part because it would support multiple users on lower-specification systems that had no dynamic address translation hardware.
In the 1980s, the VSAPL program product enjoyed wide use with Conversational Monitor System (CMS), Time Sharing Option (TSO), VSPC, MUSIC/SP, and CICS users. In 1973–1974, Patrick E.
It was never released. === APL2 === Starting in the early 1980s, IBM APL development, under the leadership of Jim Brown, implemented a new version of the APL language that contained as its primary enhancement the concept of nested arrays, where an array can contain other arrays, and new language features which facilitated integrating nested arrays into program workflow.
Gitte Christensen and Morten Kromberg were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016. ===NARS2000=== NARS2000 is an open-source APL interpreter written by Bob Smith, a prominent APL developer and implementor from STSC in the 1970s and 1980s.
Another machine of this time was the VideoBrain Family Computer, released in 1977, which was supplied with its dialect of APL called APL/S. The Commodore SuperPET, introduced in 1981, included an APL interpreter developed by the University of Waterloo. In 1976, Bill Gates claimed in his Open Letter to Hobbyists that Microsoft Corporation was implementing APL for the Intel 8080 and Motorola 6800 but had "very little incentive to make [it] available to hobbyists" because of software piracy.
One of the first commercial computer graphics houses, Digital Effects, produced an APL graphics product named Visions, which was used to create television commercials and animation for the 1982 film Tron.
It was subsequently ported to the IBM System/370 and VSPC platforms until its final release in 1983, after which it was replaced by APL2. ===APL\1130=== In 1968, APL\1130 became the first publicly available APL system, created by IBM for the IBM 1130.
in 1983 and, , is available for AIX, Linux (including on the Raspberry Pi), macOS and Microsoft Windows platforms.
IBM cites its use for problem solving, system design, prototyping, engineering and scientific computations, expert systems, for teaching mathematics and other subjects, visualization and database access and was first available for CMS and TSO in 1984.
Iverson Award for Outstanding Contribution to APL. ===APL2=== APL2 was a significant re-implementation of APL by IBM which was developed from 1971 and first released in 1984.
, APL*Plus continues as APL2000 APL+Win. In 1985, Ian Sharp, and Dan Dyer of STSC, jointly received the Kenneth E.
In 1993, Soliton Incorporated was formed to support Sharp APL and it developed Sharp APL into SAX (Sharp APL for Unix).
Licences are free for personal/non-commercial use. In 1995, two of the development team - John Scholes and Peter Donnelly - were awarded the Iverson Award for their work on the interpreter.
NARS2000 contains advanced features and new datatypes and runs natively on Microsoft Windows, and other platforms under Wine. ===APLX=== APLX is a cross-platform dialect of APL, based on APL2 and with several extensions, which was first released by British company MicroAPL in 2002.
it is available for mainframe computers running z/OS or z/VM and workstations running AIX, Linux, Sun Solaris, and Microsoft Windows. The entire APL2 Products and Services Team was awarded the Iverson Award in 2007. ===APLGOL=== In 1972, APLGOL was released as an experimental version of APL that added structured programming language constructs to the language framework.
. History of Programming Languages, chapter 14 https://web.archive.org/web/20170415220158/http://www.donnamaie.com/ --> [https://books.google.com/books?id=g3uzAAAAIAAJ] === Video === The Origins of APL - a 1974 talk show style interview with the original developers of APL. APL demonstration - a 1975 live demonstration of APL by Professor Bob Spence, Imperial College London. Conway's Game Of Life in APL - a 2009 tutorial by John Scholes of Dyalog Ltd.
Gitte Christensen and Morten Kromberg were joint recipients of the Iverson Award in 2016. ===NARS2000=== NARS2000 is an open-source APL interpreter written by Bob Smith, a prominent APL developer and implementor from STSC in the 1970s and 1980s.
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