Strictly speaking, these "Multiwinner Approval Voting" rules should not be confused with Approval Voting as a single-winner voting rule. Korean villages used block approval voting for competitive elections following the surrender of Japan, according to observations made by journalist Anna Louise Strong in 1946: "In one village there were twelve candidates, of whom five were to be chosen for the Village Committee.
He then cast his chosen ones into the white box and the rejected ones into the black." Several Swiss cantons elect their government using such methods and so do French cities with population below 1000. In 1963, the proportional representation in East Germany was replaced by a procedure in which the candidates had to receive more than 50% of the votes.
Weber coined the term "approval voting" in 1971.
It was more fully published in 1978 by political scientist Steven Brams and mathematician Peter Fishburn. Historically, several voting methods that incorporate aspects of approval voting have been used: Approval voting was used for papal conclaves between 1294 and 1621, with an average of about forty cardinals engaging in repeated rounds of voting until one candidate was listed on at least two-thirds of ballots.
The IEEE board in 2002 rescinded its decision to use approval voting.
Supporters also point out that any voting method is subject to tactical voting with more than two candidates, as pointed out in Gibbard's theorem. One study showed that approval voting would not have chosen the same two winners as plurality voting (Chirac and Le Pen) in France's presidential election of 2002 (first round) – it instead would have chosen Chirac and Jospin as the top two to proceed to a runoff.
Critics of the use of approval voting in the alumni elections for the Dartmouth Board of Trustees in 2009 placed its ultimately successful repeal before alumni voters, arguing that the system has not been electing the most centrist candidates.
Had more candidates than seats in this constituency won the majority, the order of the list would determine who would join the Volkskammer. === Political organizations and jurisdictions === Approval voting has been used in privately administered nomination contests by the Independent Party of Oregon in 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2016.
Dartmouth students started to use approval voting to elect their student body president in 2011.
Had more candidates than seats in this constituency won the majority, the order of the list would determine who would join the Volkskammer. === Political organizations and jurisdictions === Approval voting has been used in privately administered nomination contests by the Independent Party of Oregon in 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2016.
In 2012, Suril Kantaria won with the support of 32% of the voters.
A study of various "evaluative voting" methods (approval voting and score voting) during the French presidential election, 2012 showed that "unifying" candidates tended to do better, and polarizing candidates did worse, via the evaluative voting methods than via the plurality system. A generalized version of the Burr dilemma applies to approval voting when two candidates are appealing to the same subset of voters.
In 2013, 2014 and 2016, the winners also earned the support of under 40% of the voters.
Had more candidates than seats in this constituency won the majority, the order of the list would determine who would join the Volkskammer. === Political organizations and jurisdictions === Approval voting has been used in privately administered nomination contests by the Independent Party of Oregon in 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2016.
In 2013, 2014 and 2016, the winners also earned the support of under 40% of the voters.
Results reported in The Dartmouth show that in the 2014 and 2016 elections, more than 80 percent of voters approved of only one candidate.
(A previous city commissioner election in 2015 suffered from six-way vote-splitting, resulting in a candidate winning with only a 22% plurality of the vote.) The first election was held June 9, 2020, selecting two city commissioners.
Had more candidates than seats in this constituency won the majority, the order of the list would determine who would join the Volkskammer. === Political organizations and jurisdictions === Approval voting has been used in privately administered nomination contests by the Independent Party of Oregon in 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2016.
Oregon is a fusion voting state, and the party has cross-nominated legislators and statewide officeholders using this method; its 2016 presidential preference primary did not identify a potential nominee due to no candidate earning more than 32% support.
In 2013, 2014 and 2016, the winners also earned the support of under 40% of the voters.
Results reported in The Dartmouth show that in the 2014 and 2016 elections, more than 80 percent of voters approved of only one candidate.
Students replaced approval voting with plurality voting before the 2017 elections. Approval voting also can be used in social scenarios as a fairer, but still quick system compared to a First-Past-The-Post equivalent, being able to avoid a spoiler effect while being very quick to calculate. == Effect on elections == Approval voting advocates Steven Brams and Dudley R.
It is distinct from plurality voting in which a voter may choose only one option among several, whereby the option with the most votes is chosen—even absent a majority. Proposals to implement approval voting for municipal elections were approved in referendums in Fargo, North Dakota, in 2018, and St.
The party switched to using STAR voting in 2020. It is also used in internal elections by the American Solidarity Party, the Green Parties of Texas and Ohio, the Libertarian parties of Texas and Colorado, the US Modern Whig party, and the German Pirate Party. In 2018, Fargo, North Dakota passed a ballot initiative adopting approval voting for local elections, becoming the first US city and jurisdiction to adopt approval voting.
Louis, Missouri, in 2020.
Fargo used approval voting in June 2020 to elect two at-large seats on its city council, and St.
The party switched to using STAR voting in 2020. It is also used in internal elections by the American Solidarity Party, the Green Parties of Texas and Ohio, the Libertarian parties of Texas and Colorado, the US Modern Whig party, and the German Pirate Party. In 2018, Fargo, North Dakota passed a ballot initiative adopting approval voting for local elections, becoming the first US city and jurisdiction to adopt approval voting.
(A previous city commissioner election in 2015 suffered from six-way vote-splitting, resulting in a candidate winning with only a 22% plurality of the vote.) The first election was held June 9, 2020, selecting two city commissioners.
They found that 30% of voters who bullet voted did so for strategic reasons, while 57% did so because it was their sincere opinion. In 2020, St.
Louis used it to advance two candidates in March 2021 nonpartian primaries for mayor and aldermen. == Description == Approval voting ballots show a list of the candidates running for that seat for each office being contested.
The first such primary was held in March 2021, and unofficial results showed voters expressed 1.1 to 1.6 approvals per ballot, in races with more than two candidates. === Other organizations === The idea of approval was adopted by X.
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