Bleek, and later Carl Meinhof, pursued extensive studies comparing the grammatical structures of Bantu languages. ==Classification== The most widely used classification is an alphanumeric coding system developed by Malcolm Guthrie in his 1948 classification of the Bantu languages.
Guthrie 1948 in detail, with subsequent corrections and corresponding ISO codes. Bantu online resources bantu-languages.com, Jacky Maniacky, 7 July 2007, including *List of Bantu noun classes with reconstructed Proto-Bantu prefixes bantu-languages.com (in French) Ehret's compilation of classifications by Klieman, Bastin, himself, and others pp 204–09, ucla.edu, 24 June 2012 Contini-Morava, Ellen.
Bleek's coinage was inspired by the anthropological observation of groups frequently self-identifying as 'people' or 'the true people' (as is the case, for example, with the term Khoekhoe, but this is a kare 'praise address' and not an ethnic name). The term narrow Bantu, excluding those languages classified as Bantoid by Guthrie (1948), was introduced in the 1960s. The prefix ba- specifically refers to people.
Endonymically, the term for cultural objects, including language, is formed with the ki- noun class (Nguni ísi-), as in Kiswahili, 'coast language and culture,' and isiZulu, 'Zulu language and culture'. In the 1980s, South African linguists suggested referring to these languages as KiNtu.
In addition, delegates at the African Languages Association of Southern Africa conference in 1984 reported that, in some places, the term Kintu has a derogatory significance.
This is because kintu refers to 'things' and is used as a dehumanizing term for people who have lost their dignity. In addition, Kintu is a figure in some mythologies. In the 1990s, the term Kintu was still occasionally used by South African linguists.
Piron 1995, Williamson & Blench 2000, Blench 2011), but the term is still widely used. There is no true genealogical classification of the (Narrow) Bantu languages.
Northwest Bantu is clearly not a coherent family, but even for Central Bantu the evidence is lexical, with little evidence that it is a historically valid group. Another attempt at a detailed genetic classification to replace the Guthrie system is the 1999 "Tervuren" proposal of Bastin, Coupez, and Mann.
Piron 1995, Williamson & Blench 2000, Blench 2011), but the term is still widely used. There is no true genealogical classification of the (Narrow) Bantu languages.
Guthrie 1948 in detail, with subsequent corrections and corresponding ISO codes. Bantu online resources bantu-languages.com, Jacky Maniacky, 7 July 2007, including *List of Bantu noun classes with reconstructed Proto-Bantu prefixes bantu-languages.com (in French) Ehret's compilation of classifications by Klieman, Bastin, himself, and others pp 204–09, ucla.edu, 24 June 2012 Contini-Morava, Ellen.
The online version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a referential classification of the Bantu languages goto.glocalnet.net, 4 June 2009, 120pp.
Piron 1995, Williamson & Blench 2000, Blench 2011), but the term is still widely used. There is no true genealogical classification of the (Narrow) Bantu languages.
Guthrie 1948 in detail, with subsequent corrections and corresponding ISO codes. Bantu online resources bantu-languages.com, Jacky Maniacky, 7 July 2007, including *List of Bantu noun classes with reconstructed Proto-Bantu prefixes bantu-languages.com (in French) Ehret's compilation of classifications by Klieman, Bastin, himself, and others pp 204–09, ucla.edu, 24 June 2012 Contini-Morava, Ellen.
60 million speakers as of 2015).
16 million, L2: 80 million, as of 2015). Other major Bantu languages include Zulu with 12 million speakers, Tiv with over 7 million speakers (mostly in Nigeria and some in Cameroon), and Shona with about 15 million speakers (if Manyika and Ndau are included).
2006, Holden et al., 2016, and Whiteley et al.
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