From 1777 onward, and after the younger Bavarian branch of the family had died out with elector Max III Joseph, Bavaria and the Electorate of the Palatinate were governed once again in personal union, now by the Palatinian lines.
Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict policy of modernisation; he laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived the monarchy and retain core validity in the 21st century.
It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions.
The new state also comprised the Duchies of Jülich and Berg as these on their part were in personal union with the Palatinate. ===Kingdom of Bavaria=== When Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire, Bavaria became a kingdom in 1806 due, in part, to the Confederation of the Rhine.
In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I, being modernized in 1818.
In return Bavaria was allowed to annex the modern-day region of Palatinate to the west of the Rhine and Franconia in 1815.
Between 1799 and 1817, the leading minister, Count Montgelas, followed a strict policy of modernisation; he laid the foundations of administrative structures that survived the monarchy and retain core validity in the 21st century.
In May 1808 a first constitution was passed by Maximilian I, being modernized in 1818.
FC Nürnberg, FC Augsburg, TSV 1860 Munich, FC Ingolstadt 04 and SpVgg Greuther Fürth.
Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive.
Allied to Austria, it was defeated along with Austria in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War and was not incorporated into the North German Confederation of 1867, but the question of German unity was still alive.
When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed Deutsches Reich (German Empire) in 1871.
It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions.
When France declared war on Prussia in 1870, all the south German states (Baden, Württemberg, Hessen-Darmstadt and Bavaria) aside from Austria, joined the Prussian forces and ultimately joined the Federation, which was renamed Deutsches Reich (German Empire) in 1871.
In 1906 the Reinheitsgebot made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market.
They ruled for 738 years, from 1180 to 1918.
This area was devastated by bombing and invasion during World War II. ===Free State of Bavaria=== Free State has been an adopted designation after the abolition of monarchy in the aftermath of World War I in several German states. On 12 November 1918, Ludwig III signed a document, the Anif declaration, releasing both civil and military officers from their oaths; the newly formed republican government, or "People's State" of Socialist premier Kurt Eisner, interpreted this as an abdication.
The choice of "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived republic, has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the de facto abdication of Ludwig III).
Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952. === Arbitrary arrest and human rights === In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future".
They step back from any announcements on public affairs, showing approval or disapproval solely by Franz's presence or absence. Eisner was assassinated in February 1919, ultimately leading to a Communist revolt and the short-lived Bavarian Soviet Republic being proclaimed 6 April 1919.
After violent suppression by elements of the German Army and notably the Freikorps, the Bavarian Soviet Republic fell in May 1919.
The Bamberg Constitution (Bamberger Verfassung) was enacted on 12 or 14 August 1919 and came into force on 15 September 1919 creating the Free State of Bavaria within the Weimar Republic.
Extremist activity further increased, notably the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch led by the National Socialists, and Munich and Nuremberg became seen as Nazi strongholds under the Third Reich of Adolf Hitler.
This crown first appeared in the coat of arms to symbolize sovereignty of the people after the royal crown was eschewed in 1923. ==Geography== Bavaria shares international borders with Austria (Salzburg, Tyrol, Upper Austria and Vorarlberg) and the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary, Plzeň and South Bohemian Regions), as well as with Switzerland (across Lake Constance to the Canton of St.
In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories. 48.8% of Bavarians adhered to Catholicism (a decline from 70.4% in 1970).
However, in the crucial German federal election, March 1933, the Nazis received less than 50% of the votes cast in Bavaria. As a manufacturing centre, Munich was heavily bombed during World War II and was occupied by U.S.
This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005. ====Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945==== ===Designation as a "free state"=== Unlike most German states (Länder), which simply designate themselves as "State of" (Land [...]), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" (Freistaat Bayern).
troops, becoming a major part of the American Zone of Allied-occupied Germany (1945–47) and then of "Bizonia". The Rhenish Palatinate was detached from Bavaria in 1946 and made part of the new state Rhineland-Palatinate.
Unofficial versions of the flag, especially a lozenge style with coat of arms, are sometimes used by civilians. ===Coat of arms=== The modern coat of arms of Bavaria was designed by Eduard Ege in 1946, following heraldic traditions. The Golden Lion: At the dexter chief, sable, a lion rampant Or, armed and langued gules.
The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria. ===Government=== Bavaria Cabinet since 12 November 2018 The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946.
The choice of "Free State", a creation of the 19th century and intended to be a German alternative to (or translation of) the Latin-derived republic, has historical reasons, Bavaria having been styled that way even before the current 1946 Constitution was enacted (in 1918 after the de facto abdication of Ludwig III).
It was later incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire, became an independent kingdom after 1806, joined the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 while retaining its title of kingdom, and finally became a state of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. Bavaria has a unique culture, largely because of the state's large Catholic plurality and conservative traditions.
In 1949, the Free State of Bavaria chose not to sign the Founding Treaty (Gründungsvertrag) for the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, opposing the division of Germany into two countries after World War II.
Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952. === Arbitrary arrest and human rights === In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future".
Since 1962, the latter has been styled with a Bavarian theme and is home to an Oktoberfest celebration it claims is among the most attended in the world outside of Munich. ==Sports== ===Football=== Bavaria is home to several football clubs including FC Bayern Munich, 1.
In 1925, 70.0% of the Bavarian population was Catholic, 28.8% was Protestant, 0.7% was Jewish, and 0.5% was placed in other religious categories. 48.8% of Bavarians adhered to Catholicism (a decline from 70.4% in 1970).
17.9% of the population adheres to the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria, which has also declined since 1970.
The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively. In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany.
In 1906 the Reinheitsgebot made its way to all-German law, and remained a law in Germany until the EU partly struck it down in 1987 as incompatible with the European common market.
Two other states, Saxony and Thuringia, also use the style "Free State"; unlike Bavaria, however, these were not part of the original states when the Grundgesetz was enacted but joined the federation later on, in 1990, as a result of German reunification.
This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005. ====Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945==== ===Designation as a "free state"=== Unlike most German states (Länder), which simply designate themselves as "State of" (Land [...]), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" (Freistaat Bayern).
In 1997 the Bavarian Supreme Court tightened the regulations considerably (including by introducing a turn-out quorum).
Until December 1999, there was also a Senat, or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished. The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State.
Until December 1999, there was also a Senat, or Senate, whose members were chosen by social and economic groups in Bavaria, but following a referendum in 1998, this institution was abolished. The Bavarian State Government consists of the Minister-President of Bavaria, eleven Ministers and six Secretaries of State.
The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively. In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany.
This has led to a spirited citizens' participation in communal and municipal affairs—835 referenda took place from 1995 through 2005. ====Minister-presidents of Bavaria since 1945==== ===Designation as a "free state"=== Unlike most German states (Länder), which simply designate themselves as "State of" (Land [...]), Bavaria uses the style of "Free State of Bavaria" (Freistaat Bayern).
Its gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 exceeded €434 billion (about U.S.
The German Greens and the center-right Free Voters have been represented in the state parliament since 1986 and 2008 respectively. In the 2003 elections the CSU won a ⅔ supermajority – something no party had ever achieved in postwar Germany.
However, in the subsequent 2008 elections the CSU lost the absolute majority for the first time in 46 years.
Vladimir Putin at 2009 tasted beer from Brauerei Aying, Barack Obama at 2015 also tasted Bavarian beer of Karg Brauerei in Murnau.
Extreme weather like the 2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often.
The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018.
The liberals of the FDP were again able to reach the five-percent-threshold in order to receive mandates in parliament after they were not part of the Landtag after the 2013 elections.
Vladimir Putin at 2009 tasted beer from Brauerei Aying, Barack Obama at 2015 also tasted Bavarian beer of Karg Brauerei in Murnau.
All other cities in Bavaria had less than 150,000 inhabitants each in 2015.
Saxony had used the designation as "Free State" from 1918 to 1952. === Arbitrary arrest and human rights === In July 2017, Bavaria's parliament enacted a new revision of the "Gefährdergesetz", allowing the authorities to imprison a person for a three months term, renewable indefinitely, when s/he hasn't committed a crime but it is assumed that s/he might commit a crime "in the near future".
(A first anti-smoking law had been proposed by the CSU and passed but was watered down after the election, after which a referendum enforced a strict antismoking bill with a large majority). ===Current Landtag === The last state elections were held on 14 October 2018 in which the CSU lost its absolute majority in the state parliament in part due to the party's stances as part of the federal government, winning 37.2% of the vote; the party's second worst election outcome in its history.
The SPD lost over half of its previous share compared to 2013 with a mere 9.7% in 2018.
The center-right Free Voters party gained 11.6% of the vote and formed a government coalition with the CSU which led to the subsequent reelection of Markus Söder as Minister-President of Bavaria. ===Government=== Bavaria Cabinet since 12 November 2018 The Constitution of Bavaria of the Free State of Bavaria was enacted on 8 December 1946.
The GDP of the region increased to €617.1 billion in 2018, accounting for 18.5% of German economic output.
For example, June 2019 was the warmest June in Bavaria since weather observations have been recorded and the winter 2019/2020 was 3 degrees Celsius warmer than the average temperature for many years all over Bavaria.
On 20 December 2019 a record temperature of was recorded in Piding.
Extreme weather like the 2013 European floods or the 2019 European heavy snowfalls is occurring more and more often.
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