BCS theory or Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory (named after John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Robert Schrieffer) is the first microscopic theory of superconductivity since Heike Kamerlingh Onnes's 1911 discovery.
It began with the 1948 paper, "On the Problem of the Molecular Theory of Superconductivity", where Fritz London proposed that the phenomenological London equations may be consequences of the coherence of a quantum state.
The isotope effect was reported by two groups on 24 March 1950, who discovered it independently working with different mercury isotopes, although a few days before publication they learned of each other's results at the ONR conference in Atlanta.
In 1953, Brian Pippard, motivated by penetration experiments, proposed that this would modify the London equations via a new scale parameter called the coherence length.
John Bardeen then argued in the 1955 paper, "Theory of the Meissner Effect in Superconductors", that such a modification naturally occurs in a theory with an energy gap.
The key ingredient was Leon Cooper's calculation of the bound states of electrons subject to an attractive force in his 1956 paper, "Bound Electron Pairs in a Degenerate Fermi Gas". In 1957 Bardeen and Cooper assembled these ingredients and constructed such a theory, the BCS theory, with Robert Schrieffer.
The theory is also used in nuclear physics to describe the pairing interaction between nucleons in an atomic nucleus. It was proposed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957; they received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this theory in 1972. ==History== Rapid progress in the understanding of superconductivity gained momentum in the mid-1950s.
The key ingredient was Leon Cooper's calculation of the bound states of electrons subject to an attractive force in his 1956 paper, "Bound Electron Pairs in a Degenerate Fermi Gas". In 1957 Bardeen and Cooper assembled these ingredients and constructed such a theory, the BCS theory, with Robert Schrieffer.
The theory was first published in April 1957 in the letter, "Microscopic theory of superconductivity".
The demonstration that the phase transition is second order, that it reproduces the Meissner effect and the calculations of specific heats and penetration depths appeared in the December 1957 article, "Theory of superconductivity".
The theory is also used in nuclear physics to describe the pairing interaction between nucleons in an atomic nucleus. It was proposed by Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer in 1957; they received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this theory in 1972. ==History== Rapid progress in the understanding of superconductivity gained momentum in the mid-1950s.
They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972 for this theory. In 1986, [superconductivity] was discovered in La-Ba-Cu-O, at temperatures up to 30 K.
They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972 for this theory. In 1986, [superconductivity] was discovered in La-Ba-Cu-O, at temperatures up to 30 K.
Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. ==External links== ScienceDaily: Physicist Discovers Exotic Superconductivity (University of Arizona) August 17, 2006 Hyperphysics page on BCS BCS History Dance analogy of BCS theory as explained by Bob Schrieffer (audio recording) Mean-Field Theory: Hartree-Fock and BCS in E.
Springer Science & Business Media, 2013. ==External links== ScienceDaily: Physicist Discovers Exotic Superconductivity (University of Arizona) August 17, 2006 Hyperphysics page on BCS BCS History Dance analogy of BCS theory as explained by Bob Schrieffer (audio recording) Mean-Field Theory: Hartree-Fock and BCS in E.
Sawatzky: Quantum materials: Experiments and Theory, Jülich 2016, Superconductivity
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