In 1906 Arnold Theiler showed that bluetongue was caused by a filterable agent.
The first confirmed outbreak outside of Africa occurred in Cyprus in 1943. Recently, a vessel owned by Khalifeh Livestock Trading and managed by Talia Shipping Line, both based in Lebanon, has been denied right to dock in Spain as it has about 895 male calves which are suspected to be infected by bluetongue disease. ==Related diseases== African horse sickness is related to bluetongue and is spread by the same midges (Culicoides species).
The structure of the 70 nm core was determined in 1998 and was at the time the largest atomic structure to be solved. The two outer capsid proteins, VP2 and VP5, mediate attachment and penetration of BTV into the target cell.
In autumn 2008, several cases were reported in the southern Swedish provinces of Småland, Halland, and Skåne, as well as in areas of the Netherlands bordering Germany, prompting veterinary authorities in Germany to intensify controls. Norway had its first finding in February 2009, when cows at two farms in Vest-Agder in the south of Norway showed an immune response to bluetongue.
In autumn 2008, several cases were reported in the southern Swedish provinces of Småland, Halland, and Skåne, as well as in areas of the Netherlands bordering Germany, prompting veterinary authorities in Germany to intensify controls. Norway had its first finding in February 2009, when cows at two farms in Vest-Agder in the south of Norway showed an immune response to bluetongue.
Norway have since been declared free of the disease in 2011. Although the disease is not a threat to humans, the most vulnerable common domestic ruminants in the UK are cattle, goats, and especially, sheep. ===Overwintering=== A puzzling aspect of BTV is its survival between midge seasons in temperate regions.
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