What was known as BoNT/H proved to be a hybrid between A and F types neutralizable by type A antisera. ==History== ===Initial descriptions and discovery of Clostridium botulinum=== One of the earliest recorded outbreaks of foodborne botulism occurred in 1793 in the village of Wildbad in what is now Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Additional cases of fatal food poisoning in Württemberg led the authorities to issue a public warning against consuming smoked blood sausages in 1802 and to collect case reports of "sausage poisoning".
Between 1817 and 1822, the German physician Justinus Kerner published the first complete description of the symptoms of botulism, based on extensive clinical observations and animal experiments.
Between 1817 and 1822, the German physician Justinus Kerner published the first complete description of the symptoms of botulism, based on extensive clinical observations and animal experiments.
In 1870, the German physician Müller coined the term "botulism" to describe the disease caused by sausage poisoning, from the Latin word botulus, meaning "sausage". In 1895 Émile van Ermengem, a Belgian microbiologist, discovered what is now called Clostridium botulinum and confirmed that a toxin produced by the bacteria causes botulism.
In 1870, the German physician Müller coined the term "botulism" to describe the disease caused by sausage poisoning, from the Latin word botulus, meaning "sausage". In 1895 Émile van Ermengem, a Belgian microbiologist, discovered what is now called Clostridium botulinum and confirmed that a toxin produced by the bacteria causes botulism.
On December 14, 1895, there was a large outbreak of botulism in the Belgian village of Ellezelles that occurred at a funeral where people ate pickled and smoked ham; three of them died.
In 1919, Georgina Burke used toxin-antitoxin reactions to identify two strains of Clostridium botulinum, which she designated A and B. ===Food canning=== Over the next three decades, 1895–1925, as food canning was approaching a billion-dollar-a-year industry, botulism was becoming a public health hazard.
This idea was refuted in 1904 when a botulism outbreak occurred in Darmstadt, Germany because of canned white beans.
In 1910, the German microbiologist J.
In 1917, Bacillus botulinus was renamed Clostridium botulinum, as it was decided that term Bacillus should only refer to a group of aerobic microorganisms, while Clostridium would be only used to describe a group of anaerobic microorganisms.
In 1919, Georgina Burke used toxin-antitoxin reactions to identify two strains of Clostridium botulinum, which she designated A and B. ===Food canning=== Over the next three decades, 1895–1925, as food canning was approaching a billion-dollar-a-year industry, botulism was becoming a public health hazard.
He injected the first strabismus patients in 1977, reported its clinical utility in 1980, and had soon trained hundreds of ophthalmologists in EMG-guided injection of the drug he named Oculinum ("eye aligner"). In 1986, Oculinum Inc, Scott's micromanufacturer and distributor of botulinum toxin, was unable to obtain product liability insurance, and could no longer supply the drug.
He injected the first strabismus patients in 1977, reported its clinical utility in 1980, and had soon trained hundreds of ophthalmologists in EMG-guided injection of the drug he named Oculinum ("eye aligner"). In 1986, Oculinum Inc, Scott's micromanufacturer and distributor of botulinum toxin, was unable to obtain product liability insurance, and could no longer supply the drug.
This was under the 1983 US Orphan Drug Act. === Cosmetics === Richard Clark, a plastic surgeon from Sacramento, California, was the first to document a cosmetic use for botulinum toxin.
By 1985, a scientific protocol of injection sites and dosage had been empirically determined for treatment of blepharospasm and strabismus.
He injected the first strabismus patients in 1977, reported its clinical utility in 1980, and had soon trained hundreds of ophthalmologists in EMG-guided injection of the drug he named Oculinum ("eye aligner"). In 1986, Oculinum Inc, Scott's micromanufacturer and distributor of botulinum toxin, was unable to obtain product liability insurance, and could no longer supply the drug.
Thus, blepharospasm patients required re-injection two or three times a year. In 1986, Scott's micromanufacturer and distributor of Botox was no longer able to supply the drug because of an inability to obtain product liability insurance.
For 4 months, as liability issues were resolved, American blepharospasm patients traveled to Canadian eye centers for their injections. Based on data from thousands of patients collected by 240 investigators, Allergan received FDA approval in 1989 to market Oculinum for clinical use in the United States to treat adult strabismus and blepharospasm, using the trademark Botox.
He received FDA approval for this cosmetic application of the toxin and successfully treated the person and published the case study in 1989. Marrying ophthalmology to dermatology, Jean and Alastair Carruthers observed that blepharospasm patients who received injections around the eyes and upper face also enjoyed diminished facial glabellar lines ("frown lines" between the eyebrows), thereby initiating the highly popular cosmetic use of the toxin.
For a period of four months, American blepharospasm patients had to arrange to have their injections performed by participating doctors at Canadian eye centers until the liability issues could be resolved. In December 1989, Botox was approved by the U.S.
In the case of treatment of infantile esotropia in patients younger than 12 years of age, several studies have yielded differing results. ===Cosmetic=== The cosmetic effect of BTX-A on wrinkles was originally documented by a plastic surgeon from Sacramento, California, Richard Clark, and published in the journal Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery in 1989.
Canadian husband and wife ophthalmologist and dermatologist physicians, JD and JA Carruthers, were the first to publish a study on BTX-A for the treatment of glabellar frown lines in 1992.
Binder reported in 2000, that patients who had cosmetic injections around the face reported relief from chronic headache.
Botulinum toxin type B (BTX-B) received FDA approval for treatment of cervical dystonia on 21 December 2000.
In 2002, following clinical trials, the FDA approved Botox Cosmetic, botulinum A toxin to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate-to-severe glabellar lines.
Similar effects had reportedly been observed by a number of independent groups (Brin, and the Columbia University group under Monte Keen.) After formal trials, on 12 April 2002, the FDA announced regulatory approval of botulinum toxin type A (Botox Cosmetic) to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate-to-severe frown lines between the eyebrows (glabellar lines).
Additionally, side effects common in cosmetic use are also common in therapeutic use, including trouble swallowing, muscle weakness, allergic reactions, and flu-like syndromes. In response to the occurrence of these side effects, in 2008, the FDA notified the public of the potential dangers of the botulinum toxin as a therapeutic.
In 2009, the FDA announced that boxed warnings would be added to available botulinum toxin products, warning of their ability to spread from the injection site.
A similar warning was issued by Health Canada in 2009, warning that botulinum toxin products can spread to other parts of the body. ==Role in disease== Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the cause of botulism.
of South Korea in 2009; ===Toxin production=== Botulism toxins are produced by bacteria of the genus Clostridium, namely C.
Trade names for BTX-B are Myobloc in the United States, and Neurobloc in the European Union. ===Chronic migraine=== Onabotulinumtoxin A (trade name Botox) received FDA approval for treatment of chronic migraines on 15 October 2010.
supplier reported in its company materials in 2011 that it could "supply the world's requirements for 25 indications approved by Government agencies around the world" with less than one gram of raw botulinum toxin.
If binocular vision is good, the brain mechanism of motor fusion, which aligns the eyes on a target visible to both, can stabilize the corrected alignment. In January 2014, botulinum toxin was approved by UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency for treatment of restricted ankle motion due to lower-limb spasticity associated with stroke in adults. On July 29, 2016, the U.S.
Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products in China manufactures a BTX-A product; as of 2014, it was the only BTX-A approved in China.
In January 2014, Botulinum toxin was approved by UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) for the treatment of ankle disability due to lower limb spasticity associated with stroke in adults.
If binocular vision is good, the brain mechanism of motor fusion, which aligns the eyes on a target visible to both, can stabilize the corrected alignment. In January 2014, botulinum toxin was approved by UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency for treatment of restricted ankle motion due to lower-limb spasticity associated with stroke in adults. On July 29, 2016, the U.S.
Botox cosmetic providers include dermatologists, plastic surgeons, aesthetic spa physicians, dentists, nurse practitioners, nurses, and physician assistants. The global market for botulinum toxin products, driven by their cosmetic applications, was forecast to reach $2.9 billion by 2018.
The facial aesthetics market, of which they are a component, was forecast to reach $4.7 billion ($2 billion in the U.S.) in the same timeframe. Global Market: In 2019, 6,271,488 Botulinum Toxin procedures were administered worldwide.
The Global Botulinum Toxin market size was USD 4.83 billion in 2019 and is projected to reach USD 7.71 billion by 2027. US Market: In 2020, 4,401,536 Botulinum Toxin Type A procedures were administered.
In 2019 the botulinum Toxin market made USD 3.19 billion. Botox cost: Botox cost is generally determined by the number of units administered (avg.
The Global Botulinum Toxin market size was USD 4.83 billion in 2019 and is projected to reach USD 7.71 billion by 2027. US Market: In 2020, 4,401,536 Botulinum Toxin Type A procedures were administered.
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