Before the Mriya was ready (after the Buran had flown), the Myasishchev VM-T Atlant, a variant on the Soviet Myasishchev M-4 Molot (Hammer) bomber (NATO code: Bison), fulfilled the same role. == History of the Buran programme == === Background === The Soviet reusable spacecraft programme has its roots in the late 1950s, at the very beginning of the space age.
The next iteration of the idea was Zvezda from the early 1960s, which also reached a prototype stage.
Lieutenant General Yuri Mozzhorin recalled that by "approximately 1965", when the Soviet Union had the 'long arm' (ICBMs), the Soviets did not expect war "and thought it would not happen." As institute director, Mozzhorin, recalled that for a long time the institute could not envisage a civilian payload large enough to require a vehicle of that capacity. Officially, the Buran orbital vehicle was designed for the delivery to orbit and return to Earth of spacecraft, cosmonauts, and supplies.
After Zvezda, there was a hiatus in reusable projects until Buran. === Programme development === The development of the Buran began in the early 1970s as a response to the U.S.
The Buran programme (Бура́н, , "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"), also known as the "VKK Space Orbiter programme" (ВКК «Воздушно-Космический Корабль»|lit=Air Space Ship), was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project that began in 1974 at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Moscow and was formally suspended in 1993.
Space Shuttle could make a sudden dive into the atmosphere to drop nuclear bombs on Moscow. In 1974, Valentin Glushko's design bureau, OKB-1 (later NPO Energiya), proposed a new family of heavy-lift rockets called RLA (РЛА, «Ракетные Летательные Аппараты»|Raketnyye Letatel'niye Apparaty|lit=Rocket Flying Apparatus).
A compromise between these two proposals was achieved by NPO Energiya in January 1976 with the OK-92 (ОК-92, «Орбитальный Корабль»|Orbital'niy Korabl'|lit=Orbital Ship–92 tons), a delta-winged orbiter equipped with two Soloviev D-30 turbofan jet engines for autonomous atmospheric flight, launched to space from a rocket stack made of a core stage with three cryogenic engines, and four kerosene-fueled boosters, each with four engines.
By 1978, the OK-92 design was further refined, with its final configuration completed in June 1979. Soviet engineers were initially reluctant to design a spacecraft that looked superficially identical to the Shuttle.
By 1978, the OK-92 design was further refined, with its final configuration completed in June 1979. Soviet engineers were initially reluctant to design a spacecraft that looked superficially identical to the Shuttle.
Space Shuttle programme, which in the 1980s raised considerable concerns among the Soviet military and especially Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov.
shuttle development was unclassified. The construction of the shuttles began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale Buran was rolled out.
The first suborbital test flight of a scale-model (BOR-5) took place as early as July 1983.
shuttle development was unclassified. The construction of the shuttles began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale Buran was rolled out.
In addition to being the designation for the whole Soviet/Russian reusable spacecraft project, Buran was also the name given to Orbiter K1, which completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988 and was the only Soviet reusable spacecraft to be launched into space.
Buran completed one uncrewed orbital spaceflight in 1988, after which it was recovered successfully.
The Buran programme (Бура́н, , "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"), also known as the "VKK Space Orbiter programme" (ВКК «Воздушно-Космический Корабль»|lit=Air Space Ship), was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project that began in 1974 at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Moscow and was formally suspended in 1993.
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