The river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for some time".
The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington. The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line.
The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington. The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line.
Founded in 1816 from the bequeathment and collections of Richard, Viscount FitzWilliam, the museum was originally located in the building of the Perse Grammar School in Free School Lane.
After a legal dispute with their landlords, the club left their home ground in Cambridge in order to groundshare with fellow Southern League Premier club Histon FC in 2013-14 and intend to construct a new ground outside the city, in Sawston. ===Cricket=== As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football, Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.
The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington. The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line.
It will connect the historic city centre and the existing busway route with the mainline railway stations, Cambridge Science Park, and Haverhill. === Rail === Cambridge railway station was opened in 1845, initially linking to Bishopsgate station in London, via Bishops Stortford.
The city has one university technical college, Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology, which opened in September 2014. ==Sport== ===Football=== Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the University in 1848.
After a brief housing in the University of Cambridge library, it moved to its current, purpose-built building on Trumpington Street in 1848.
It closed in 1965 and was subsequently demolished; in its final year of operation it delivered 2771 MWh of electricity to the city. Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.
It closed in 1965 and was subsequently demolished; in its final year of operation it delivered 2771 MWh of electricity to the city. Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.
Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin.
It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862, and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre.
The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker's Piece and had a 'defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules' which again were first played on Parker's Piece. The city is home to Cambridge United FC, who play at the Abbey Stadium.
After a legal dispute with their landlords, the club left their home ground in Cambridge in order to groundshare with fellow Southern League Premier club Histon FC in 2013-14 and intend to construct a new ground outside the city, in Sawston. ===Cricket=== As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football, Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.
The University and its colleges are well known for rowing and the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association, formed in 1868, organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the University.
Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.
Typically the temperature will reach or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period, with the annual warmest day averaging over the same period. The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was , recorded in February 1947, although a minimum of was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.
Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.
Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.
Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.
John's Chapel until the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended production. The River Cam flows through the city from the village of Grantchester, to the southwest.
Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.
Microsoft has located its Microsoft Research UK offices in West Cambridge, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in Reading, and also has an office on Station Road. Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd, founded in 1898 by W.
Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.
Other years include 1876, 1887, 1888, 1892, 1897, 1899 and 1900.
Formed in Cambridge in 1908 as Cambridge Town, the club were Southern Premier League champions in 1962–63, the highest they have finished in the English football pyramid.
The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington. The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line.
Formed in 1912, as Abbey United, they were elected to the Football League in 1970 and reached the Football League Second Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid 1980s saw them drop back down to the Football League Fourth Division and almost go out of business.
Wesley Methodist Church was built in 1913, and is located next to Christ's Pieces.
were founded in 1923, and play in National League 1 at their home ground, Grantchester Road, in the southwest corner of the city.
The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement and malt. ===20th and 21st centuries=== From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased by several large council estates.
They were at Coldham Road, which was opened by the Cambridge and District Greyhound Racing Club on 10 April 1931, and Cowper Lane which also opened in 1931. ===Other sports=== Cambridge is home to two Real Tennis courts (out of just 42 in the world) at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.
The Inclosure Acts of 1801 and 1807 enabled the town to expand over surrounding open fields and in 1912 and again in 1935 its boundaries were extended to include Chesterton, Cherry Hinton, and Trumpington. The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initial resistance, with the opening of the Great Eastern Railway's London to Norwich line.
In 1944, a secret meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.
Typically the temperature will reach or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period, with the annual warmest day averaging over the same period. The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was , recorded in February 1947, although a minimum of was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.
The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the other university constituencies. ==Geography and environment== Cambridge is situated about north-by-east of London and 95 miles (152 kilometres) east of Birmingham.
Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board.
The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the other university constituencies. ==Geography and environment== Cambridge is situated about north-by-east of London and 95 miles (152 kilometres) east of Birmingham.
The first town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951. The University of Cambridge was founded in 1209.
During the war Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of the University of London. Cambridge was granted its city charter in 1951 in recognition of its history, administrative importance and economic success.
Several of these lines were closed during the 1960s. Today, Cambridge station has direct rail links to London with termini at (via the Cambridge Line and the East Coast Main Line), (on the West Anglia Main Line), and St Pancras (on the Thameslink line).
In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.
Formed in Cambridge in 1908 as Cambridge Town, the club were Southern Premier League champions in 1962–63, the highest they have finished in the English football pyramid.
The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964.
It closed in 1965 and was subsequently demolished; in its final year of operation it delivered 2771 MWh of electricity to the city. Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.
Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population; Heidelberg, Germany since 1965, and Szeged, Hungary since 1987. ==Panoramic gallery== ==See also== List of bridges in Cambridge List of churches in Cambridge Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies Buildings and structures in Cambridge Organisations based in Cambridge People from Cambridge ==Notes== ==References== ==Further reading== Rawle, Tim (author and photographer), John Adamson (editor).
The most significant venue was the racing held around the City Ground which was licensed by the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) and took place from 1968 to 1984.
Formed in 1912, as Abbey United, they were elected to the Football League in 1970 and reached the Football League Second Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid 1980s saw them drop back down to the Football League Fourth Division and almost go out of business.
For one week in May, on Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival has been held since 1974. Cambridge Folk Festival is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall.
Between 1975 and 1985 the Cambridge Poetry Festival was held biannually.
Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July, moving to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival. The Cambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest free science festival.
Formed in 1912, as Abbey United, they were elected to the Football League in 1970 and reached the Football League Second Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid 1980s saw them drop back down to the Football League Fourth Division and almost go out of business.
The rail link to London stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick, cement and malt. ===20th and 21st centuries=== From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased by several large council estates.
The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of East Chesterton, King's Hedges, and Arbury where Archbishop Rowan Williams lived and worked as an assistant priest in the early 1980s. During the Second World War, Cambridge was an important centre for defence of the east coast.
Formed in 1912, as Abbey United, they were elected to the Football League in 1970 and reached the Football League Second Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid 1980s saw them drop back down to the Football League Fourth Division and almost go out of business.
The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances. The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, part of Cambridge Junction in Cambridge Leisure Park.
Typically the temperature will reach or higher on over 25 days of the year over the 1981–2010 period, with the annual warmest day averaging over the same period. The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic Garden site was , recorded in February 1947, although a minimum of was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879.
The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site, to 48.3 days at the Botanic Garden per year over the 1981–2010 period.
There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various Buddhist including Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society. A Hindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road. A Sikh community has met in the city since 1982, and a Gurdwara was opened in Arbury in 2013. ==Twinned cities== Cambridge is twinned with two cities.
The most significant venue was the racing held around the City Ground which was licensed by the sports governing body the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) and took place from 1968 to 1984.
Between 1975 and 1985 the Cambridge Poetry Festival was held biannually.
Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population; Heidelberg, Germany since 1965, and Szeged, Hungary since 1987. ==Panoramic gallery== ==See also== List of bridges in Cambridge List of churches in Cambridge Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies Buildings and structures in Cambridge Organisations based in Cambridge People from Cambridge ==Notes== ==References== ==Further reading== Rawle, Tim (author and photographer), John Adamson (editor).
Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached the FA Cup quarter finals in both of those seasons, and in 1992 they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly created FA Premier League.
2012 Mercury Prize winners Alt-J are based in Cambridge. Live music venues hosting popular music in the city include the Cambridge Corn Exchange, Cambridge Junction and the Portland Arms. ==== Classical music ==== Started in 1991, the annual Cambridge Music Festival takes place each November.
This latter project was controversial at the time. The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University.
The seat was generally held by the Conservatives until it was won by Labour in 1992, then taken by the Liberal Democrats in 2005 and 2010, before returning to Labour in 2015.
Success returned to the club in the early 1990s when they won two successive promotions and reached the FA Cup quarter finals in both of those seasons, and in 1992 they came close to becoming the first English team to win three successive Football League promotions which would have taken them into the newly created FA Premier League.
In addition, the Digital Technology Group of the University's Department of Computer Science and Technology maintains a weather station on the West Cambridge site, displaying current weather conditions online via web browsers or an app, and also an archive dating back to 1995. The city, like most of the UK, has a maritime climate highly influenced by the Gulf Stream.
The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges are additional places of Muslim worship. Cambridge Buddhist Centre which belongs to Triratna Buddhist Community was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998.
For example, 2000 firkins of butter were brought up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the North East, particularity Norfolk, to be unloaded in the town for road transportation to London.
According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled to work by bicycle.
Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin.
The seat was generally held by the Conservatives until it was won by Labour in 1992, then taken by the Liberal Democrats in 2005 and 2010, before returning to Labour in 2015.
But they were beaten in the playoffs and another decline set in, which was completed in 2005 when they were relegated from the Football League and for the second time in 20 years narrowly avoided going out of business.
The venue was opened in 2005 and hosts theatre, dance, live music and comedy The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time.
In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006.
Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – in July 2008 at NIAB and in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden are two recent examples.
Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student population at 17,662, and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, in Chelmsford) for the same period.
The library was reopened in September 2009, after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.
Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – in July 2008 at NIAB and in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden are two recent examples.
Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July, moving to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival. The Cambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in March, is the United Kingdom's largest free science festival.
The library was reopened in September 2009, after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.
The seat was generally held by the Conservatives until it was won by Labour in 1992, then taken by the Liberal Democrats in 2005 and 2010, before returning to Labour in 2015.
More recently the temperature fell to on 11 February 2012, on 22 January 2013 and on 20 December 2010.
Described as one of the "most beautiful cities in the world" by Forbes in 2010, with the view from The Backs being selected as one of the 10 greatest in England by National Trust chair Simon Jenkins, tourism generates over £750 million for the city's economy. Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as Silicon Fen, an allusion to Silicon Valley, because of the density of high-tech businesses and technology incubators that have developed on science parks around the city.
There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various Buddhist including Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society. A Hindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road. A Sikh community has met in the city since 1982, and a Gurdwara was opened in Arbury in 2013. ==Twinned cities== Cambridge is twinned with two cities.
At the United Kingdom Census 2011, the population of the Cambridge built-up area (which is larger than the remit of Cambridge City Council) was 158,434 including 29,327 students.
Located in the driest region of Britain, Cambridge's rainfall averages around per year, around half the national average, The driest recent year was in 2011 with of rain at the Botanic Garden and at the NIAB site.
Since 2011, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway has carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge from St Ives, Huntingdon, and other towns and villages along the routes, operated by Stagecoach in the Fens and Whippet.
Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with reported.
More recently the temperature fell to on 11 February 2012, on 22 January 2013 and on 20 December 2010.
More recently the temperature fell to on 11 February 2012, on 22 January 2013 and on 20 December 2010.
Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that 47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week. Cambridge has five Park and Ride sites, all of which operate seven days a week and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's edge.
After a legal dispute with their landlords, the club left their home ground in Cambridge in order to groundshare with fellow Southern League Premier club Histon FC in 2013-14 and intend to construct a new ground outside the city, in Sawston. ===Cricket=== As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football, Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864.
The Centre for Computing History, a museum dedicated to the story of the Information age, moved to Cambridge from Haverhill in 2013.
There are also several local Buddhist meditation groups from various Buddhist including Samatha Trust and Buddha Mettā Society. A Hindu shrine was opened in 2010 at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road. A Sikh community has met in the city since 1982, and a Gurdwara was opened in Arbury in 2013. ==Twinned cities== Cambridge is twinned with two cities.
The city has one university technical college, Cambridge Academy for Science and Technology, which opened in September 2014. ==Sport== ===Football=== Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the University in 1848.
After nine years of non-league football they returned to the Football League in 2014 by winning the Conference National playoffs. Cambridge City FC of the Southern Football League Premier Division now play in the adjoining village of Histon.
The city is represented on the authority by the leader of the City Council. ===Westminster=== The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city; Daniel Zeichner (Labour) has represented the seat since the 2015 general election.
The seat was generally held by the Conservatives until it was won by Labour in 1992, then taken by the Liberal Democrats in 2005 and 2010, before returning to Labour in 2015.
Trains also run to and (via the Fen Line), (via the Breckland Line), , Birmingham, , , , Stansted Airport, Brighton and Gatwick Airport railway stations. A second railway station, Cambridge North, opened on 21 May 2017, having originally planned to open in March 2015.
The Beth Shalom Reform synagogue which previously met at a local school, opened a purpose-built synagogue in 2015.
The Cambridge Summer Music Festival takes place in July. ===Contemporary art=== Cambridge contains Kettle's Yard gallery of modern and contemporary art and the Heong Gallery which opened to the public in 2016 at Downing College.
Since 2017 the County Council has been controlled by the Conservative Party. Since 2017, Cambridge has also been within the area of the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority, which is led by a directly-elected Mayor.
degree, Higher National Diploma, Master's or PhD), much higher than the national average proportion (19.7%). Centre for Cities identified Cambridge as the UK's most unequal city in 2017 and 2018.
Since 2017 it has also linked to Cambridge North railway station. Although Cambridge has its own airport, Cambridge City Airport, it has no scheduled services and is used mainly by charter and training flights as well FBO services.
Trains also run to and (via the Fen Line), (via the Breckland Line), , Birmingham, , , , Stansted Airport, Brighton and Gatwick Airport railway stations. A second railway station, Cambridge North, opened on 21 May 2017, having originally planned to open in March 2015.
degree, Higher National Diploma, Master's or PhD), much higher than the national average proportion (19.7%). Centre for Cities identified Cambridge as the UK's most unequal city in 2017 and 2018.
As of 2018 the city contains six public libraries, run by the County Council. The Cambridge City Cemetery is located to the north of Newmarket Road. ==Religion== Cambridge has a number of churches, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape.
At the 2019 election, Labour retained their majority. Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors to Cambridgeshire County Council, which is responsible for services including school education, social care and highways.
A southern area of the city, Queen Edith's ward, falls within in the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose MP is Anthony Browne (Conservative), first elected in 2019. The University of Cambridge formerly had two seats in the House of Commons; Sir Isaac Newton was one of the most notable MPs.
The absolute maximum stands at recorded on 25 July 2019 at Cambridge University Botanic Garden, which is also the national all time temperature record.
Opened in 2019, it is described as Europe's first eco-friendly mosque and is the first purpose-built mosque within the city.
London Stansted Airport, about south via the M11 or direct rail, offers a broad range of international destinations. In February 2020, consultations opened for a transport system known as the Cambridgeshire Autonomous Metro.
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