He had been made a member of the Académie Française in 1746.
Still, the events discussed are often based on historical happenings, such as the Seven Years' War and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
The British poet and literary critic Martin Seymour-Smith listed Candide as one of the 100 most influential books ever written. == Historical and literary background == A number of historical events inspired Voltaire to write Candide, most notably the publication of Leibniz's "Monadology" (a short metaphysical treatise), the Seven Years' War, and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake.
The 1755 Lisbon earthquake, tsunami, and resulting fires of All Saints' Day, had a strong influence on theologians of the day and on Voltaire, who was himself disillusioned by them.
Wade speculates that Voltaire's primary source for information on the Lisbon earthquake was the 1755 work Relation historique du Tremblement de Terre survenu à Lisbonne by Ange Goudar. Apart from such events, contemporaneous stereotypes of the German personality may have been a source of inspiration for the text, as they were for Simplicius Simplicissimus, a 1669 satirical picaresque novel written by Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen and inspired by the Thirty Years' War.
This genre, of which Voltaire was one of the founders, included previous works of his such as Zadig and Micromegas. It is unknown exactly when Voltaire wrote Candide, but scholars estimate that it was primarily composed in late 1758 and begun as early as 1757.
This genre, of which Voltaire was one of the founders, included previous works of his such as Zadig and Micromegas. It is unknown exactly when Voltaire wrote Candide, but scholars estimate that it was primarily composed in late 1758 and begun as early as 1757.
Voltaire is believed to have written a portion of it while living at Les Délices near Geneva and also while visiting Charles Théodore, the Elector-Palatinate at Schwetzingen, for three weeks in the summer of 1758.
It is believed to have been sent, chapter by chapter, by Voltaire to the Duke and Duchess La Vallière in the autumn of 1758.
In addition to this manuscript, there is believed to have been another, one copied by Wagnière for the Elector Charles-Théodore, who hosted Voltaire during the summer of 1758.
Candide, ou l'Optimisme ( , ) is a French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment.
Candide is mature and carefully developed, not impromptu, as the intentionally choppy plot and the aforementioned myth might suggest. There is only one extant manuscript of Candide that was written before the work's 1759 publication; it was discovered in 1956 by Wade and since named the La Vallière Manuscript.
If it exists, it remains undiscovered. Voltaire published Candide simultaneously in five countries no later than 15 January 1759, although the exact date is uncertain.
Seventeen versions of Candide from 1759, in the original French, are known today, and there has been great controversy over which is the earliest.
With the additions found in the Doctor's pocket when he died at Minden, in the Year of Grace 1759.
By the end of February 1759, the Grand Council of Geneva and the administrators of Paris had banned Candide.
The Duke de La Vallière speculated near the end of January 1759 that Candide might have been the fastest-selling book ever.
le Docteur Ralph, 1759. * Candide, ou l'optimisme, Par Mr.
Now it strikes me as altogether realistic." The American alternative rock band Bloodhound Gang refer to Candide in their song "Take the Long Way Home", from the American edition of their 1999 album Hooray for Boobies. === Derivative works === In 1760, one year after Voltaire published Candide, a sequel was published with the name Candide, ou l'optimisme, seconde partie.
In 1761, a version of Candide was published that included, along with several minor changes, a major addition by Voltaire to the twenty-second chapter, a section that had been thought weak by the Duke of Vallière.
The plot summary that follows uses this second format and includes Voltaire's additions of 1761. === Chapters I–X === The tale of Candide begins in the castle of the Baron Thunder-ten-Tronckh in Westphalia, home to the Baron's daughter, Lady Cunégonde; his bastard nephew, Candide; a tutor, Pangloss; a chambermaid, Paquette; and the rest of the Baron's family.
In 1762, Candide was listed in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, the Roman Catholic Church's list of prohibited books. Bannings of Candide lasted into the twentieth century in the United States, where it has long been considered a seminal work of Western literature.
The last edition of Candide authorised by Voltaire was the one included in Cramer's 1775 edition of his complete works, known as l'édition encadrée, in reference to the border or frame around each page. Voltaire strongly opposed the inclusion of illustrations in his works, as he stated in a 1778 letter to the writer and publisher Charles Joseph Panckoucke: Despite this protest, two sets of illustrations for Candide were produced by the French artist Jean-Michel Moreau le Jeune.
The last edition of Candide authorised by Voltaire was the one included in Cramer's 1775 edition of his complete works, known as l'édition encadrée, in reference to the border or frame around each page. Voltaire strongly opposed the inclusion of illustrations in his works, as he stated in a 1778 letter to the writer and publisher Charles Joseph Panckoucke: Despite this protest, two sets of illustrations for Candide were produced by the French artist Jean-Michel Moreau le Jeune.
The first version was done, at Moreau's own expense, in 1787 and included in Kehl's publication of that year, Oeuvres Complètes de Voltaire.
The second version, in 1803, consisted of seven drawings by Moreau which were transposed by multiple engravers.
In total, by the year 1803, at least ten imitations of Candide or continuations of its story were published by authors other than Voltaire. Candide was adapted for the radio anthology program On Stage in 1953.
This idea is probably based on a misreading of the 1885 work La Vie intime de Voltaire aux Délices et à Ferney by Lucien Perey (real name: Clara Adèle Luce Herpin) and Gaston Maugras.
Klee illustrated the work, and his drawings were published in a 1920 version edited by Kurt Wolff. == List of characters == === Main characters === Candide: The title character.
At least once, Candide was temporarily barred from entering America: in February 1929, a US customs official in Boston prevented a number of copies of the book, deemed "obscene", from reaching a Harvard University French class.
In total, by the year 1803, at least ten imitations of Candide or continuations of its story were published by authors other than Voltaire. Candide was adapted for the radio anthology program On Stage in 1953.
Candide is mature and carefully developed, not impromptu, as the intentionally choppy plot and the aforementioned myth might suggest. There is only one extant manuscript of Candide that was written before the work's 1759 publication; it was discovered in 1956 by Wade and since named the La Vallière Manuscript.
Candide first opened on Broadway as a musical on 1 December 1956.
This adaptation of Candide was adapted for the cinema by director Christian Marquand in 1968. In addition to the above, Candide was made into a number of minor films and theatrical adaptations throughout the twentieth century.
Roy Wolper, professor emeritus of English, argues in a revolutionary 1969 paper that Candide does not necessarily speak for its author; that the work should be viewed as a narrative independent of Voltaire's history; and that its message is entirely (or mostly) it.
Proponents of one say that Candido is very similar to Candide, only with a happy ending; supporters of another claim that Voltaire provided Sciascia with only a starting point from which to work, that the two books are quite distinct. The BBC produced a television adaptation in 1973, with Ian Ogilvy as Candide, Emrys James as Dr.
Bernstein revised the work again in 1987 with the collaboration of John Mauceri and John Wells.
Now it strikes me as altogether realistic." The American alternative rock band Bloodhound Gang refer to Candide in their song "Take the Long Way Home", from the American edition of their 1999 album Hooray for Boobies. === Derivative works === In 1760, one year after Voltaire published Candide, a sequel was published with the name Candide, ou l'optimisme, seconde partie.
After Bernstein's death, further revised productions of the musical were performed in versions prepared by Trevor Nunn and John Caird in 1999, and Mary Zimmerman in 2010. (1977) or simply Candido is a book by Leonardo Sciascia.
Pangloss, and Frank Finlay as Voltaire himself, acting as the narrator. Nedim Gürsel wrote his 2001 novel Le voyage de Candide à Istanbul about a minor passage in Candide during which its protagonist meets Ahmed III, the deposed Turkish sultan.
For a list of these, see Voltaire: Candide ou L'Optimisme et autres contes (1989) with preface and commentaries by Pierre Malandain. In May 2009, a play titled Optimism, based on Candide opened at the CUB Malthouse Theatre in Melbourne.
After Bernstein's death, further revised productions of the musical were performed in versions prepared by Trevor Nunn and John Caird in 1999, and Mary Zimmerman in 2010. (1977) or simply Candido is a book by Leonardo Sciascia.
In 2010, the Icelandic writer Óttar M.
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