Around 1870, cartels first appeared in industries formerly under free-market conditions.
It was pioneered in 1883 by the Austrian economist Friedrich Kleinwächter and in its early stages was developed mainly by German-speaking scholars.
Theoriegeschichtliche Studien, Hildesheim 2013. Leonhardt, Holm Arno: The development of cartel+ theory between 1883 and the 1930s – from international diversity to convergence: syndicats industriels, ententes, comptoirs, trusts, pools, combinations, associations, kartells, cartelle, Unternehmerverbände.
The Sherman act, which impeded the formation and activities of cartels, was passed in the United States in 1890.
et al., the Supreme Court of the United States noted the testimony of individuals who cited that a cartel, in its versatile form, is The first legislation against cartels to be enforced was the Sherman Act 1890, which also prohibits price fixing, market-sharing, output restrictions and other anti-competitive conduct.
München 1925. Wells, Wyatt C.: Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World, New York 2002. == References == ==External links== Price-Fixing Overcharges from Purdue University BBC on cartels Commercial crimes Anti-competitive practices Cartels Imperfect competition
In the 1930s, authoritarian regimes such as Nazi Germany, Italy under Mussolini, and Spain under Franco used cartels to organize their corporatist economies.
Press, 2007, p. 268–293. Freyer, Tony A.: Antitrust and global capitalism 1930–2004, New York 2006. Hexner, Ervin, The International Steel Cartel, Chapel Hill 1943. Kleinwächter, Friedrich, Die Kartelle.
Theoriegeschichtliche Studien, Hildesheim 2013. Leonhardt, Holm Arno: The development of cartel+ theory between 1883 and the 1930s – from international diversity to convergence: syndicats industriels, ententes, comptoirs, trusts, pools, combinations, associations, kartells, cartelle, Unternehmerverbände.
Between the late 19th century and around 1945, the United States was ambivalent about cartels and trusts.
After 1945, American-promoted market liberalism led to a worldwide cartel ban, where cartels continue to be obstructed in an increasing number of countries and circumstances. == Types == Cartels have many structures and functions that ideally enable corporations to navigate and control market uncertainties and gain collusive profits within their industry.
Before 1945, cartels were tolerated in Europe and specifically promoted as a business practice in German-speaking countries.
New York: Twentieth Century Fund 1948. Strieder, Jakob: Studien zur Geschichte kapitalistischer Organizationsformen.
=== Leniency Programmes === Leniency programmes were first introduced in 1978 in the US, before being successfully reformed in 1993.
=== Leniency Programmes === Leniency programmes were first introduced in 1978 in the US, before being successfully reformed in 1993.
The effectiveness of leniency programmes in destabilising and deterring cartels is evidenced by the decreased formation and discovery of cartels in the US since the introduction of the programmes in 1993.
München 1925. Wells, Wyatt C.: Antitrust and the Formation of the Postwar World, New York 2002. == References == ==External links== Price-Fixing Overcharges from Purdue University BBC on cartels Commercial crimes Anti-competitive practices Cartels Imperfect competition
Press, 2007, p. 268–293. Freyer, Tony A.: Antitrust and global capitalism 1930–2004, New York 2006. Hexner, Ervin, The International Steel Cartel, Chapel Hill 1943. Kleinwächter, Friedrich, Die Kartelle.
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