Charles Sanders Peirce ( ; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
There he had an 1854 farmhouse remodeled to his design.
Its consequences may have led to the social isolation of his later life. ===Early employment=== Between 1859 and 1891, Peirce was intermittently employed in various scientific capacities by the United States Coast Survey and its successor, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, where he enjoyed his highly influential father's protection until the latter's death in 1880.
Only seven volumes have appeared to date, but they cover the period from 1859 to 1892, when Peirce carried out much of his best-known work.
This long-time standard edition drawn from Peirce's work from the 1860s to 1913 remains the most comprehensive survey of his prolific output from 1893 to 1913.
In 1863 the Lawrence Scientific School awarded him a Bachelor of Science degree, Harvard's first summa cum laude chemistry degree.
He was elected a resident fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in January 1867.
He divided such philosophy into (1) phenomenology (which he also called phaneroscopy or categorics), (2) normative sciences (esthetics, ethics, and logic), and (3) metaphysics; his views on them are discussed in order below. ===Theory of categories=== On May 14, 1867, the 27-year-old Peirce presented a paper entitled "On a New List of Categories" to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, which published it the following year.
From 1869 to 1872, he was employed as an assistant in Harvard's astronomical observatory, doing important work on determining the brightness of stars and the shape of the Milky Way.
Edited (1–6) by Charles Hartshorne and Paul Weiss and (7–8) by Arthur Burks, in print and online. 1975–1987: Charles Sanders Peirce: Contributions to The Nation, 4 volumes, includes Peirce's more than 300 reviews and articles published 1869–1908 in The Nation.
Here is one of his more emphatic reiterations of it: As a movement, pragmatism began in the early 1870s in discussions among Peirce, William James, and others in the Metaphysical Club.
The Survey sent him to Europe five times, first in 1871 as part of a group sent to observe a solar eclipse.
From 1869 to 1872, he was employed as an assistant in Harvard's astronomical observatory, doing important work on determining the brightness of stars and the shape of the Milky Way.
After his first wife, Harriet Melusina Fay ("Zina"), left him in 1875, Peirce, while still legally married, became involved with Juliette, whose last name, given variously as Froissy and Pourtalai, and nationality (she spoke French) remains uncertain.
On April 20, 1877 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
Also in 1877, he proposed measuring the meter as so many wavelengths of light of a certain frequency, the kind of definition employed from 1960 to 1983. During the 1880s, Peirce's indifference to bureaucratic detail waxed while his Survey work's quality and timeliness waned.
In 1891, Peirce resigned from the Coast Survey at Superintendent Thomas Corwin Mendenhall's request. ===Johns Hopkins University=== In 1879, Peirce was appointed lecturer in logic at Johns Hopkins University, which had strong departments in areas that interested him, such as philosophy (Royce and Dewey completed their Ph.D.s at Hopkins), psychology (taught by G.
Its consequences may have led to the social isolation of his later life. ===Early employment=== Between 1859 and 1891, Peirce was intermittently employed in various scientific capacities by the United States Coast Survey and its successor, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, where he enjoyed his highly influential father's protection until the latter's death in 1880.
Also in 1877, he proposed measuring the meter as so many wavelengths of light of a certain frequency, the kind of definition employed from 1960 to 1983. During the 1880s, Peirce's indifference to bureaucratic detail waxed while his Survey work's quality and timeliness waned.
nor ...", also called the Quine dagger In 1880–1881 he showed how Boolean algebra could be done via a repeated sufficient single binary operation (logical NOR), anticipating Henry M.
(See also De Morgan's Laws.) In 1881 he set out the axiomatization of natural number arithmetic, a few years before Richard Dedekind and Giuseppe Peano.
Meanwhile, he wrote entries, ultimately thousands, during 1883–1909 on philosophy, logic, science, and other subjects for the encyclopedic Century Dictionary.
When his divorce from Zina became final in 1883, he married Juliette.
\therefore Case: These beans are from this bag. Peirce 1883 in "A Theory of Probable Inference" (Studies in Logic) equated hypothetical inference with the induction of characters of objects (as he had done in effect before).
That year, Newcomb pointed out to a Johns Hopkins trustee that Peirce, while a Hopkins employee, had lived and traveled with a woman to whom he was not married; the ensuing scandal led to his dismissal in January 1884.
With a repeated measures design, Charles Sanders Peirce and Joseph Jastrow introduced blinded, controlled randomized experiments in 1884 (Hacking 1990:205) (before Ronald A.
In 1885, an investigation by the Allison Commission exonerated Peirce, but led to the dismissal of Superintendent Julius Hilgard and several other Coast Survey employees for misuse of public funds.
In the same paper Peirce gave, years before Dedekind, the first purely cardinal definition of a finite set in the sense now known as "Dedekind-finite", and implied by the same stroke an important formal definition of an infinite set (Dedekind-infinite), as a set that can be put into a one-to-one correspondence with one of its proper subsets. In 1885 he distinguished between first-order and second-order quantification.
As early as 1886, he saw that logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits.
In the same paper he set out what can be read as the first (primitive) axiomatic set theory, anticipating Zermelo by about two decades (Brady 2000, pp. 132–33). In 1886, he saw that Boolean calculations could be carried out via electrical switches, anticipating Claude Shannon by more than 50 years.
He had no children by either marriage. ===Poverty=== In 1887, Peirce spent part of his inheritance from his parents to buy of rural land near Milford, Pennsylvania, which never yielded an economic return.
In 1888, President Grover Cleveland appointed him to the Assay Commission. From 1890 on, he had a friend and admirer in Judge Francis C.
In 1888, President Grover Cleveland appointed him to the Assay Commission. From 1890 on, he had a friend and admirer in Judge Francis C.
James" in English) as a middle name, but he appeared in print as early as 1890 as Charles Santiago Peirce.
By the later 1890s he was devising existential graphs, a diagrammatic notation for the predicate calculus.
Its consequences may have led to the social isolation of his later life. ===Early employment=== Between 1859 and 1891, Peirce was intermittently employed in various scientific capacities by the United States Coast Survey and its successor, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, where he enjoyed his highly influential father's protection until the latter's death in 1880.
In 1891, Peirce resigned from the Coast Survey at Superintendent Thomas Corwin Mendenhall's request. ===Johns Hopkins University=== In 1879, Peirce was appointed lecturer in logic at Johns Hopkins University, which had strong departments in areas that interested him, such as philosophy (Royce and Dewey completed their Ph.D.s at Hopkins), psychology (taught by G.
Only seven volumes have appeared to date, but they cover the period from 1859 to 1892, when Peirce carried out much of his best-known work.
This long-time standard edition drawn from Peirce's work from the 1860s to 1913 remains the most comprehensive survey of his prolific output from 1893 to 1913.
In 1893, Peirce restated most of it for a less advanced audience.
Edited by Carolyn Eisele, back in print. 1992: Reasoning and the Logic of Things collects in one place Peirce's 1898 series of lectures invited by William James.
Eventually dissatisfied, by 1900 he distinguished them once and for all and also wrote that he now took the syllogistic forms and the doctrine of logical extension and comprehension as being less basic than he had thought.
He applied in 1902 to the newly formed Carnegie Institution for a grant to write a systematic book describing his life's work.
===Aesthetics and ethics=== Peirce did not write extensively in aesthetics and ethics, but came by 1902 to hold that aesthetics, ethics, and logic, in that order, comprise the normative sciences.
The application was doomed; his nemesis, Newcomb, served on the Carnegie Institution executive committee, and its president had been president of Johns Hopkins at the time of Peirce's dismissal. The one who did the most to help Peirce in these desperate times was his old friend William James, dedicating his Will to Believe (1897) to Peirce, and arranging for Peirce to be paid to give two series of lectures at or near Harvard (1898 and 1903).
Edited (1) by Nathan Hauser and Christian Kloesel and (2) by Peirce Edition Project editors, in print. 1997: Pragmatism as a Principle and Method of Right Thinking collects Peirce's 1903 Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" in a study edition, including drafts, of Peirce's lecture manuscripts, which had been previously published in abridged form; the lectures now also appear in The Essential Peirce, 2.
In 1903 he presented the following logical form for abductive inference: The logical form does not also cover induction, since induction neither depends on surprise nor proposes a new idea for its conclusion.
In 1903, Peirce called pragmatism "the logic of abduction".
Peirce differed from James and the early John Dewey, in some of their tangential enthusiasms, in being decidedly more rationalistic and realistic, in several senses of those terms, throughout the preponderance of his own philosophical moods. In 1905 Peirce coined the new name pragmaticism "for the precise purpose of expressing the original definition", saying that "all went happily" with James's and F.C.S.
Yet he cited as causes, in a 1906 manuscript, his differences with James and Schiller and, in a 1908 publication, his differences with James as well as literary author Giovanni Papini's declaration of pragmatism's indefinability.
Most important, each year from 1907 until James's death in 1910, James wrote to his friends in the Boston intelligentsia to request financial aid for Peirce; the fund continued even after James died.
Peirce (CP 5.11–12), like James (Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking, 1907), saw pragmatism as embodying familiar attitudes, in philosophy and elsewhere, elaborated into a new deliberate method for fruitful thinking about problems.
He long held that the real numbers constitute a pseudo-continuum; that a true continuum is the real subject matter of analysis situs (topology); and that a true continuum of instants exceeds—and within any lapse of time has room for—any Aleph number (any infinite multitude as he called it) of instants. In 1908 Peirce wrote that he found that a true continuum might have or lack such room.
Jérôme Havenel (2008): "It is on 26 May 1908, that Peirce finally gave up his idea that in every continuum there is room for whatever collection of any multitude.
Yet he cited as causes, in a 1906 manuscript, his differences with James and Schiller and, in a 1908 publication, his differences with James as well as literary author Giovanni Papini's declaration of pragmatism's indefinability.
Most important, each year from 1907 until James's death in 1910, James wrote to his friends in the Boston intelligentsia to request financial aid for Peirce; the fund continued even after James died.
Russell and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica, published from 1910 to 1913, does not mention Peirce (Peirce's work was not widely known until later).
Russell and Whitehead's Principia Mathematica, published from 1910 to 1913, does not mention Peirce (Peirce's work was not widely known until later).
This long-time standard edition drawn from Peirce's work from the 1860s to 1913 remains the most comprehensive survey of his prolific output from 1893 to 1913.
Charles Sanders Peirce ( ; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
From 1916 onward, Dewey's writings repeatedly mention Peirce with deference.
In 1918 the logician C. I.
Reportedly the papers remain in unsatisfactory condition. The first published anthology of Peirce's articles was the one-volume Chance, Love and Logic: Philosophical Essays, edited by Morris Raphael Cohen, 1923, still in print.
Whitehead, while reading some of Peirce's unpublished manuscripts soon after arriving at Harvard in 1924, was struck by how Peirce had anticipated his own "process" thinking.
The same idea was used decades later to produce digital computers. In 1934, the philosopher Paul Weiss called Peirce "the most original and versatile of American philosophers and America's greatest logician".
In 1934, Pennsylvania Governor Gifford Pinchot arranged for Juliette's burial on Milford Cemetery.
His 1938 Logic: The Theory of Inquiry is much influenced by Peirce.
Other one-volume anthologies were published in 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994, and 2009, most still in print.
Peirce to symbolic logic are more numerous and varied than those of any other writer—at least in the nineteenth century." Beginning in 1940, Alfred Tarski and his students rediscovered aspects of Peirce's larger vision of relational logic, developing the perspective of relation algebra. Relational logic gained applications.
Early landmarks of the secondary literature include the monographs by Buchler (1939), Feibleman (1946), and Goudge (1950), the 1941 PhD thesis by Arthur W.
Webster's Biographical Dictionary said in 1943 that Peirce was "now regarded as the most original thinker and greatest logician of his time". ==Life== Peirce was born at 3 Phillips Place in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Peirce Society was founded in 1946.
(See Phillips 2014, 62 for discussion of Peirce and Dewey relative to transactionalism.) In 1949, while doing unrelated archival work, the historian of mathematics Carolyn Eisele (1902–2000) chanced on an autograph letter by Peirce.
Since 1950, there have been French, Italian, Spanish, British, and Brazilian Peirce scholars of note.
Other one-volume anthologies were published in 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994, and 2009, most still in print.
Other one-volume anthologies were published in 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994, and 2009, most still in print.
Also in 1877, he proposed measuring the meter as so many wavelengths of light of a certain frequency, the kind of definition employed from 1960 to 1983. During the 1880s, Peirce's indifference to bureaucratic detail waxed while his Survey work's quality and timeliness waned.
Beginning around 1960, the philosopher and [of ideas|historian of ideas] Max Fisch (1900–1995) emerged as an authority on Peirce (Fisch, 1986).
(On Peirce and process metaphysics, see Lowe 1964).
Besides lectures during his years (1879–1884) as lecturer in Logic at Johns Hopkins, he gave at least nine series of lectures, many now published; see Lectures by Peirce. After Peirce's death, Harvard University obtained from Peirce's widow the papers found in his study, but did not microfilm them until 1964.
Its Transactions, an academic quarterly specializing in Peirce's pragmatism and American philosophy has appeared since 1965.
Quarterly journal of Peirce studies since spring 1965.
The limited coverage, and defective editing and organization, of the Collected Papers led Max Fisch and others in the 1970s to found the Peirce Edition Project (PEP), whose mission is to prepare a more complete critical chronological edition.
Other one-volume anthologies were published in 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994, and 2009, most still in print.
So began her forty years of research on Peirce, “the mathematician and scientist,” culminating in Eisele (1976, 1979, 1985).
Also in 1877, he proposed measuring the meter as so many wavelengths of light of a certain frequency, the kind of definition employed from 1960 to 1983. During the 1880s, Peirce's indifference to bureaucratic detail waxed while his Survey work's quality and timeliness waned.
He includes many of his relevant articles in a survey (Fisch 1986: 422–48) of the impact of Peirce's thought through 1983. Peirce has gained an international following, marked by university research centers devoted to Peirce studies and pragmatism in Brazil (CeneP/CIEP), Finland (HPRC and ), Germany (Wirth's group, Hoffman's and Otte's group, and Deuser's and Härle's group), France (L'I.R.S.C.E.), Spain (GEP), and Italy (CSP).
So began her forty years of research on Peirce, “the mathematician and scientist,” culminating in Eisele (1976, 1979, 1985).
Beginning around 1960, the philosopher and [of ideas|historian of ideas] Max Fisch (1900–1995) emerged as an authority on Peirce (Fisch, 1986).
He includes many of his relevant articles in a survey (Fisch 1986: 422–48) of the impact of Peirce's thought through 1983. Peirce has gained an international following, marked by university research centers devoted to Peirce studies and pragmatism in Brazil (CeneP/CIEP), Finland (HPRC and ), Germany (Wirth's group, Hoffman's and Otte's group, and Deuser's and Härle's group), France (L'I.R.S.C.E.), Spain (GEP), and Italy (CSP).
With a repeated measures design, Charles Sanders Peirce and Joseph Jastrow introduced blinded, controlled randomized experiments in 1884 (Hacking 1990:205) (before Ronald A.
(See Stephen Stigler's historical books and Ian Hacking 1990.) ==Philosophy== Peirce was a working scientist for 30 years, and arguably was a professional philosopher only during the five years he lectured at Johns Hopkins.
Free online course. Pragmatism Cybrary, David Hildebrand & John Shook. Research Group on Semiotic Epistemology and Mathematics Education (late 1990s), Institut für Didaktik der Mathematik (Michael Hoffman, Michael Otte, Universität Bielefeld, Germany).
Other one-volume anthologies were published in 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994, and 2009, most still in print.
In the same paper he set out what can be read as the first (primitive) axiomatic set theory, anticipating Zermelo by about two decades (Brady 2000, pp. 132–33). In 1886, he saw that Boolean calculations could be carried out via electrical switches, anticipating Claude Shannon by more than 50 years.
Peirce and Victoria Lady Welby (2nd edition 2001), included Peirce's entire correspondence (1903–1912) with Victoria, Lady Welby.
Other one-volume anthologies were published in 1940, 1957, 1958, 1972, 1994, and 2009, most still in print.
84 authors listed, 51 papers online & more listed, as of January 31, 2009.
Peirce, 8 was published in November 2010; and work continues on Writings of Charles S.
Over 100 online writings by Peirce as of November 24, 2010, with annotations.
(See Phillips 2014, 62 for discussion of Peirce and Dewey relative to transactionalism.) In 1949, while doing unrelated archival work, the historian of mathematics Carolyn Eisele (1902–2000) chanced on an autograph letter by Peirce.
Co-sponsoring the 2014 Peirce International Centennial Congress (100th anniversary of Peirce's death). Charles S.
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