Many attempts have been made to teach languages such as American Sign Language to chimpanzees, with limited success. ==Etymology== The English word chimpanzee is first recorded in 1738.
Another Dutch anatomist, Peter Camper, dissected specimens from Central Africa and Southeast Asia in the 1770s, noting the differences between the African and Asian apes.
The German naturalist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach classified the chimpanzee as Simia troglodytes by 1775.
Another German naturalist, Lorenz Oken, coined the genus Pan in 1816.
The colloquialism "chimp" was most likely coined some time in the late 1870s.
Between 172,700 and 299,700 individuals are thought to be living in the wild, a decrease from about a million chimpanzees in the early 1900s. The biggest threats to the chimpanzee are habitat destruction, poaching, and disease.
From 1926 until 1972, London Zoo, followed by several other zoos around the world, held a chimpanzees' tea party daily, inspiring a long-running series of advertisements for PG Tips tea featuring such a party.
The bonobo was recognised as distinct from the chimpanzee by 1933. ===Evolution=== Despite a large number of Homo fossil finds, Pan fossils were not described until 2005.
Heinlein's 1947 short story "Jerry Was a Man" concerns a genetically enhanced chimpanzee suing for better treatment.
One early attempt by Allen and Beatrix Gardner in the 1960s involved spending 51 months teaching American Sign Language to a chimpanzee named Washoe.
Animal rights groups have urged a stop to such acts, considering them abusive. Chimpanzees in media include Judy on the television series Daktari in the 1960s and Darwin on The Wild Thornberrys in the 1990s.
Some 12 chimpanzees are currently held at the facility. ===Field study=== Jane Goodall undertook the first long-term field study of the chimpanzee, begun in Tanzania at Gombe Stream National Park in 1960.
Other long-term studies begun in the 1960s include A.
The 1972 film Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, the third sequel of the 1968 film Planet of the Apes, portrays a futuristic revolt of enslaved apes led by the only talking chimpanzee, Caesar, against their human masters. ===As pets=== Chimpanzees have traditionally been kept as pets in a few African villages, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
From 1926 until 1972, London Zoo, followed by several other zoos around the world, held a chimpanzees' tea party daily, inspiring a long-running series of advertisements for PG Tips tea featuring such a party.
The 1972 film Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, the third sequel of the 1968 film Planet of the Apes, portrays a futuristic revolt of enslaved apes led by the only talking chimpanzee, Caesar, against their human masters. ===As pets=== Chimpanzees have traditionally been kept as pets in a few African villages, especially in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Trials already under way were however allowed to run their course. Chimpanzees including the female Ai have been studied at the Primate Research Institute of Kyoto University, Japan, formerly directed by Tetsuro Matsuzawa, since 1978.
Although his initial reports were quite positive, in November 1979, Terrace and his team, including psycholinguist Thomas Bever, re-evaluated the videotapes of Nim with his trainers, analyzing them frame by frame for signs, as well as for exact context (what was happening both before and after Nim's signs).
Animal rights groups have urged a stop to such acts, considering them abusive. Chimpanzees in media include Judy on the television series Daktari in the 1960s and Darwin on The Wild Thornberrys in the 1990s.
It is more common among adult males than adult females and between males and females. Chimpanzees have been described as highly territorial and will frequently kill other chimps, although Margaret Power wrote in her 1991 book The Egalitarians that the field studies from which the aggressive data came, Gombe and Mahale, used artificial feeding systems that increased aggression in the chimpanzee populations studied, and might not reflect innate characteristics of the species as a whole as such.
or Canada. A five-year moratorium was imposed by the US National Institutes of Health in 1996, because too many chimps had been bred for HIV research, and it has been extended annually since 2001.
or Canada. A five-year moratorium was imposed by the US National Institutes of Health in 1996, because too many chimps had been bred for HIV research, and it has been extended annually since 2001.
The Dutch ministry of science decided to phase out research at the centre from 2001.
In December 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes, such as the forkhead-box P2 transcription factor which is involved in speech development, have undergone rapid evolution in the human lineage.
The bonobo was recognised as distinct from the chimpanzee by 1933. ===Evolution=== Despite a large number of Homo fossil finds, Pan fossils were not described until 2005.
A draft version of the chimpanzee genome was published on 1 September 2005 by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. The DNA sequence differences between humans and chimpanzees consist of about 35 million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements.
With the publication of the chimpanzee genome, plans to increase the use of chimps in America were reportedly increasing in 2006, some scientists arguing that the federal moratorium on breeding chimps for research should be lifted.
However, in 2007, the NIH made the moratorium permanent. Other researchers argue that chimps either should not be used in research, or should be treated differently, for instance with legal status as persons.
As human populations grow, so does the risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees. ==See also== The Story of the Space Chimps, 2008 documentary Chimpanzee, 2012 documentary ==Notes== ==References== ===General sources=== ==External links== DiscoverChimpanzees.org Chimpanzee Genome resources Primate Info Net Pan troglodytes Factsheets U.S.
Another example of chimpanzees being aggressive toward humans occurred in 2009 in Stamford, Connecticut, when a , 13-year-old pet chimp named Travis attacked his owner's friend, who lost her hands, eyes, nose, and part of her maxilla from the attack. ===Human immunodeficiency virus=== Two types of [immunodeficiency virus] (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2.
A study published in 2010 found that the chimpanzees wage wars over territory, not mates.
As human populations grow, so does the risk of disease transmission between humans and chimpanzees. ==See also== The Story of the Space Chimps, 2008 documentary Chimpanzee, 2012 documentary ==Notes== ==References== ===General sources=== ==External links== DiscoverChimpanzees.org Chimpanzee Genome resources Primate Info Net Pan troglodytes Factsheets U.S.
Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile View the common chimpanzee genome in Ensembl Human Timeline (Interactive) – Smithsonian, National Museum of Natural History (August 2016). chimpanzee Tool-using mammals Primates of Africa Extant Pliocene first appearances Fauna of Sub-Saharan Africa chimpanzee chimpanzee Articles containing video clips
A 2017 genetic study suggests ancient gene flow (introgression) between 200 and 550 thousand years ago from the bonobo into the ancestors of central and eastern chimpanzees.
A 2017 study of gastrointestinal parasites of wild chimps in degraded forest in Uganda found nine species of protozoa, five nematodes, one cestode, and one trematode.
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