With more than 91 million members, the CCP is the second largest political party in the world after India's Bharatiya Janata Party. == History == === Founding and early history (1921–1927) === The CCP claims its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, during which radical Western ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals.
Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement, but "by 1920 skepticism about their suitability as vehicles for reform had become widespread." In the summer of 1919, the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) decided to assist people of the Far East.
Several study circles were established during the New Culture Movement, but "by 1920 skepticism about their suitability as vehicles for reform had become widespread." In the summer of 1919, the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) decided to assist people of the Far East.
In April 1920, the Foreign Affairs Division of its Vladivostok Branch sent Voitinsky to develop Marxism in China, Korea and Japan.
The CCP was founded in 1921, mainly by Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, with the help of the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Far Eastern Secretariat of the Communist International.
Voitinsky provided these groups with promotional, conference and study abroad expenses. The founding National Congress of the CCP was held on 23–31 July 1921.
With only 50 members in the beginning of 1921, the CCP organization and authorities grew tremendously.
On 6 October 1923, the Comintern sent Mikhail Borodin to Guangzhou.
CCP members grew tremendously after the 4th congress, from 900 to 2,428 in year 1925.
When KMT leader Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Chiang Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists.
Chiang asked the Kuomintang to join the Communist International in order to rule out the secret expansion of communists in the KMT, while Chen Duxiu hoped that the communists would completely withdraw from the KMT. In April 1927, both Chiang and the CCP were preparing for combat.
That May, tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by nationalists, with the CCP losing approximately of its members. === Chinese Civil War and Second Sino-Japanese War (1927–1949) === The CCP continued supporting the Wuhan KMT government, but on 15 July 1927 the Wuhan government expelled all communists from the KMT.
A battalion led by General Zhu De was ordered to take the city of Nanchang on 1 August 1927 in what became known as the Nanchang uprising; initially successful, they were forced into retreat after five days, marching south to Shantou, and from there being driven into the wilderness of Fujian.
Li Lisan was able to assume de facto control of the party organization by 1929–30.
The Comintern became involved, and by late 1930, his powers had been taken away.
By 1935 Mao had become the party's Politburo Standing Committee member and informal military leader, with Zhou Enlai and Zhang Wentian, the formal head of the party, serving as his informal deputies.
In 1939 the KMT began to restrict CCP expansion within China.
While the front formally existed until 1945, all collaboration between the two parties had ended by 1940.
Yet, by 1943, the CCP was again actively expanding its territory at the expense of the KMT. Mao Zedong became the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945.
While the front formally existed until 1945, all collaboration between the two parties had ended by 1940.
Yet, by 1943, the CCP was again actively expanding its territory at the expense of the KMT. Mao Zedong became the Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party in 1945.
From 1945 until 1949, the war had been reduced to two parties; the CCP and the KMT.
This period lasted through four stages; the first was from August 1945 (when the Japanese surrendered) to June 1946 (when the peace talks between the CCP and the KMT ended).
By 1945, the KMT had three-times more soldiers under its command than the CCP and initially appeared to be prevailing.
This period lasted through four stages; the first was from August 1945 (when the Japanese surrendered) to June 1946 (when the peace talks between the CCP and the KMT ended).
The second stage, lasting from July 1946 to June 1947, saw the KMT extend its control over major cities, such as Yan'an (the CCP headquarters for much of the war).
The second stage, lasting from July 1946 to June 1947, saw the KMT extend its control over major cities, such as Yan'an (the CCP headquarters for much of the war).
The third stage, lasting from July 1947 to August 1948, saw a limited counteroffensive by the CCP.
The third stage, lasting from July 1947 to August 1948, saw a limited counteroffensive by the CCP.
The objective was clearing "Central China, strengthening North China, and recovering Northeast China." This policy, coupled with desertions from the KMT military force (by the spring of 1948, the KMT military had lost an estimated 2 of its 3 million troops) and declining popularity of KMT rule.
The last stage, lasting from September 1948 to December 1949, saw the communists take the initiative and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole.
The party grew quickly, and by 1949 it had driven the Kuomintang (KMT)'s Nationalist Government from mainland China to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War, leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949.
From 1945 until 1949, the war had been reduced to two parties; the CCP and the KMT.
The last stage, lasting from September 1948 to December 1949, saw the communists take the initiative and the collapse of KMT rule in mainland China as a whole.
On 1 October 1949, Mao declared the establishment of the PRC, which signified the end of the Chinese Revolution (as it is officially described by the CCP). === Founding the PRC and becoming the sole ruling party (1949–present) === On 1 October 1949, Chairman Mao Zedong formally proclaimed the establishment of the PRC before a massive crowd at Tiananmen Square.
He had not proposed that other parties should be led before, although the CCP had actually controlled the most political power since 1949.
As a result, informal personal ties between political and military leaders dominated civil-military relations. Stalin proposed a one-party constitution when Liu Shaoqi visited the Soviet Union in 1952.
Then the Constitution of the PRC in 1954 changed the previous coalition government and established the CCP's sole ruling system.
Mao said that China should implement a multi-party system under the leadership of the working class revolutionary party (CCP) on the CCP's 8th Congress in 1956.
In 1957, the CCP launched the Anti-Rightist Campaign against the political dissents and figures of the other minor parties which resulted in the political persecution of at least 550,000 people.
The event led to the catastrophic results of the Second Five Year from 1958 when the CCP attempted at transforming the country from an agrarian into an industrialized economy through the formation of people's communes by launching the Great Leap Forward campaign.
The Great Leap resulted in tens of millions of deaths, with estimates ranging between 15 and 55 million deaths, making the Great Chinese Famine the largest in human history. During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which was going through the De-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev.
The Great Leap resulted in tens of millions of deaths, with estimates ranging between 15 and 55 million deaths, making the Great Chinese Famine the largest in human history. During the 1960s and 1970s, the CCP experienced a significant ideological separation from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union which was going through the De-Stalinization under Nikita Khrushchev.
In the Cultural Revolution, party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Dehuai, and He Long, were purged or exiled and the power were fallen into the Gang of Four led by Jiang Qing, Mao's wife. Following Mao's death in 1976, a power struggle between CCP chairman Hua Guofeng and vice-chairman Deng Xiaoping erupted.
Deng won the struggle, and became the "paramount leader" in 1978.
While the CCP still maintains party-to-party relations with non-ruling communist parties around the world, since the 1980s it has established relations with several non-communist parties, most notably with ruling parties of one-party states (whatever their ideology), dominant parties in democracies (whatever their ideology) and social democratic parties.
From this time through the 1980s, top leaders of the CCP (like Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, Zhou Enlai and Deng Xiaoping) were largely the same military leaders prior to the PRC's founding.
The command economy established under Mao Zedong was replaced by the socialist market economy under Deng Xiaoping, the current economic system, on the basis that "Practice is the Sole Criterion for the Truth". Since the collapse of Eastern European communist governments in 1989–1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the CCP has emphasized its party-to-party relations with the ruling parties of the remaining socialist states.
With other social factors, the conflicts culminated in the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests.
The protests having been crushed and the reformist party general secretary Zhao Ziyang under house arrest, Deng's economic policies resumed and by the early 1990s the concept of a socialist market economy had been introduced.
In 1997, Deng's beliefs (Deng Xiaoping Theory), were embedded in the CCP constitution. CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng as "paramount leader" in the 1990s, and continued most of his policies.
In the 1990s, the CCP transformed from a veteran revolutionary leadership that was both leading militarily and politically, to a political elite increasingly regenerated according to institutionalized norms in the civil bureaucracy.
The command economy established under Mao Zedong was replaced by the socialist market economy under Deng Xiaoping, the current economic system, on the basis that "Practice is the Sole Criterion for the Truth". Since the collapse of Eastern European communist governments in 1989–1990 and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the CCP has emphasized its party-to-party relations with the ruling parties of the remaining socialist states.
In 1997, Deng's beliefs (Deng Xiaoping Theory), were embedded in the CCP constitution. CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin succeeded Deng as "paramount leader" in the 1990s, and continued most of his policies.
Hu Jintao, Jiang Zemin's successor as general secretary, took office in 2002.
The current leader is general secretary Xi Jinping, elected at the 18th Central Committee held on 15 November 2012. Officially, the CCP is committed to communism and continues to participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties each year.
Hu resigned from his post as CCP general secretary and Chairman of the CMC at the 18th National Congress held in 2012, and was succeeded in both posts by Xi Jinping. Since taking power, Xi has initiated a wide-reaching anti-corruption campaign, while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades.
For instance, Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is "threatening to divide us" and that "the international culture of the West is strong while we are weak ...
Xi has added his ideology, named after himself, into the CCP constitution in 2017.
As has been speculated, Xi Jinping may not retire from his top posts after serving for 10 years in 2022. On 1 October 2020, U.S.
All text is taken from Wikipedia. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License .
Page generated on 2021-08-05