Rangaswami, and their team of strategic advisors have reimagined the federal Civilian Conservation Corps program of the 1930s as a private, locally governed, national social franchise.
Project work is also similar to the original CCC of the 1930s - work on public forests, state and federal parks. === Nevada Conservation Corps === The Nevada Conservation Corps is a non-profit organization that partners with public land management agencies such as the Bureau of Land Management, United States Forest Service, National Park Service, and Nevada State Parks to complete conservation and restoration projects throughout Nevada.
101ff. Wilson, James; "Community, Civility, and Citizenship: Theatre and Indoctrination in the Civilian Conservation Corps of the 1930s" Theatre History Studies, Vol.
It was started in early 1932 to "use men from the lists of the unemployed to improve our existing reforestation areas." In its first year alone, more than 25,000 unemployed New Yorkers would be active in its paid conservation work.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28.
Long interested in conservation, as president, Roosevelt proposed to Congress a full-scale national program on March 21, 1933: He promised this law would provide 250,000 young men with meals, housing, workwear, and medical care for working in the national forests and other government properties.
Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5, 1933, which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, Robert Fechner, a former labor union official who served until 1939.
By 1939 there was a shift in the ideal from the hardy manual worker to the highly trained citizen soldier ready for war. ===Early years, 1933–1937=== The legislation and mobilization of the program occurred quite rapidly.
Roosevelt made his request to Congress on March 21, 1933; the legislation was submitted to Congress the same day; Congress passed it by voice vote on March 31; Roosevelt signed it the same day, then issued an executive order on April 5 creating the agency, appointing its director (Fechner), and assigning War Department corps area commanders to begin enrollment.
By July 1, 1933, there were 1,463 working camps with 250,000 junior enrollees (18–25 years of age); 28,000 veterans; 14,000 American Indians; and 25,000 adults in the Locally Men (LEM) program. ===Enrollees=== The typical CCC enrollee was a U.S.
In return they received $30 per month () with a compulsory allotment of $22–25 (about ) sent to a family dependent, as well as housing, food, clothing, and medical care. Following the second Bonus Army march on Washington, D.C., President Roosevelt amended the CCC program on May 11, 1933, to include work opportunities for veterans.
On October 1, 1933, Director Fechner was directed to arrange for the second period of enrollment.
Enrollees had to be between the ages of 17 and 35. During 1933, about half the male heads of households on the Sioux reservations in South Dakota were employed by the CCC-ID.
"The US Army, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and Leadership for World War II, 1933—1942." Armed Forces & Society (2010) 36#3 pp: 439–453. Helms, Douglas.
"That Magnificent Army of Youth and Peace": The Civilian Conservation Corps in North Carolina, 1933-1942 (Raleigh: Office of Archives and History, 2007) 167pp. Leighninger, Robert D., Jr.
New Deal, New Landscape: The Civilian Conservation Corps and South Carolina's State Parks (University of South Carolina Press; 2011) 201 pages; CCC built 16 state parks in SC between 1933 and 1942. Otis, Alison T., William D.
Lakin The Forest Service and The Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933–42 (United States Forest Service FS-395, August 1986) online Paige, John C.
The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, 1933–1942: An Administrative History.
The Civilian Conservation Corps in Alabama, 1933-1942: A Great and Lasting Good (University of Alabama Press, 2008) 242 pp, with cd of oral interviews Patel, Kiran Klaus.
Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America, 1933–1945, (2005), .
The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933–1942: a New Deal case study.
"The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Emergence of South Carolina's State Park System, 1933–1942*South Carolina Historical Magazine Volume: 104#2 2003, p.
"The CCC Indian Division: Aid for Depressed Americans, 1933–1942," Minnesota History 43 (Spring 1972) 7-12 Parman, Donald L.
By January 1934, 300,000 men were enrolled.
In July 1934, this cap was increased by 50,000 to include men from Midwest states that had been affected by drought.
The next year, Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which ended allotments and helped preserve tribal lands, and encouraged tribes to re-establish self-government. Collier said of the CCC-Indian Division, "no previous undertaking in Indian Service has so largely been the Indians' own undertaking".
By July 1935, however, all camps in the United States were segregated.
Enrollment peaked at the end of 1935, when there were 500,000 men in 2,600 camps in operation in every state.
This proved valuable social capital for the 24,000 alumni who later served in the military and the 40,000 who left the reservations for city jobs supporting the war effort. ===Expansion, 1935–1936=== Responding to public demand to alleviate unemployment, Congress approved the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, on April 8, 1935, which included continued funding for the CCC program through March 31, 1937.
April 1, 1935, to March 31, 1936, was the period of greatest activity and work accomplished by the CCC program.
Enrollment peaked at 505,782 in about 2,900 camps by August 31, 1935, followed by a reduction to 350,000 enrollees in 2,019 camps by June 30, 1936.
April 1, 1935, to March 31, 1936, was the period of greatest activity and work accomplished by the CCC program.
Enrollment peaked at 505,782 in about 2,900 camps by August 31, 1935, followed by a reduction to 350,000 enrollees in 2,019 camps by June 30, 1936.
A Gallup poll of April 18, 1936, asked: "Are you in favor of the CCC camps?"; 82% of respondents said "yes", including 92% of Democrats and 67% of Republicans. ===Change of purpose, 1937–1938=== On June 28, 1937, the Civilian Conservation Corps was legally established and transferred from its original designation as the Emergency Conservation Work program.
This proved valuable social capital for the 24,000 alumni who later served in the military and the 40,000 who left the reservations for city jobs supporting the war effort. ===Expansion, 1935–1936=== Responding to public demand to alleviate unemployment, Congress approved the Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, on April 8, 1935, which included continued funding for the CCC program through March 31, 1937.
A Gallup poll of April 18, 1936, asked: "Are you in favor of the CCC camps?"; 82% of respondents said "yes", including 92% of Democrats and 67% of Republicans. ===Change of purpose, 1937–1938=== On June 28, 1937, the Civilian Conservation Corps was legally established and transferred from its original designation as the Emergency Conservation Work program.
163, 75th Congress, effective July 1, 1937.
Congress changed the age limits to 17–23 years old and changed the requirement that enrollees be on relief to "not regularly in attendance at school, or possessing full-time employment." The 1937 law mandated the inclusion of vocational and academic training for a minimum of 10 hours per week.
During this period, the CCC forces contributed to disaster relief following 1937 floods in New York, Vermont, and the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, and response and clean-up after the 1938 hurricane in New England. ===From conservation to defense, 1939–1940=== In 1939 Congress ended the independent status of the CCC, transferring it to the control of the Federal Security Agency.
During this period, the CCC forces contributed to disaster relief following 1937 floods in New York, Vermont, and the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, and response and clean-up after the 1938 hurricane in New England. ===From conservation to defense, 1939–1940=== In 1939 Congress ended the independent status of the CCC, transferring it to the control of the Federal Security Agency.
Roosevelt issued Executive Order 6101 on April 5, 1933, which established the CCC organization and appointed a director, Robert Fechner, a former labor union official who served until 1939.
By 1939 there was a shift in the ideal from the hardy manual worker to the highly trained citizen soldier ready for war. ===Early years, 1933–1937=== The legislation and mobilization of the program occurred quite rapidly.
During this period, the CCC forces contributed to disaster relief following 1937 floods in New York, Vermont, and the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys, and response and clean-up after the 1938 hurricane in New England. ===From conservation to defense, 1939–1940=== In 1939 Congress ended the independent status of the CCC, transferring it to the control of the Federal Security Agency.
When the draft began in 1940, the policy was to make CCC alumni corporals and sergeants.
Despite the loss of overt military leadership in the camps by July 1940, with war underway in Europe and Asia, the government directed an increasing number of CCC projects to resources for national defense.
By 1940 the CCC was no longer wholly a relief agency, was rapidly losing its non-military character, and it was becoming a system for work-training, as its ranks had become increasingly younger and inexperienced. ===Decline and disbandment 1941–1942=== Although the CCC was probably the most popular New Deal program, it never was authorized as a permanent agency.
After conscription began in 1940, fewer eligible young men were available.
With the passage of the National Defense Vocational Training Act of 1941, enrollees began participating in defense-oriented training.
By 1940 the CCC was no longer wholly a relief agency, was rapidly losing its non-military character, and it was becoming a system for work-training, as its ranks had become increasingly younger and inexperienced. ===Decline and disbandment 1941–1942=== Although the CCC was probably the most popular New Deal program, it never was authorized as a permanent agency.
Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Roosevelt administration directed all federal programs to emphasize the war effort.
Liquidation appropriations for the CCC continued through April 20, 1948. Some former CCC sites in good condition were reactivated from 1941 to 1947 as Civilian Public Service camps where conscientious objectors performed "work of national importance" as an alternative to military service.
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28.
Approximately 15,000 Native Americans participated in the program, helping them weather the Great Depression. By 1942, with World War II raging and the draft in effect, the need for work relief declined, and Congress voted to close the program. ==Founding== As governor of New York, Franklin Delano Roosevelt had run a similar program on a much smaller scale, known as the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA).
Operations were formally concluded at the end of the federal fiscal year on June 30, 1942.
569) on July 2, 1942, and virtually completed on June 30, 1943.
Congress provided funding for closing the remaining camps in 1942 with the equipment being reallocated.
New Deal, New Landscape: The Civilian Conservation Corps and South Carolina's State Parks (University of South Carolina Press; 2011) 201 pages; CCC built 16 state parks in SC between 1933 and 1942. Otis, Alison T., William D.
569) on July 2, 1942, and virtually completed on June 30, 1943.
Liquidation appropriations for the CCC continued through April 20, 1948. Some former CCC sites in good condition were reactivated from 1941 to 1947 as Civilian Public Service camps where conscientious objectors performed "work of national importance" as an alternative to military service.
Liquidation appropriations for the CCC continued through April 20, 1948. Some former CCC sites in good condition were reactivated from 1941 to 1947 as Civilian Public Service camps where conscientious objectors performed "work of national importance" as an alternative to military service.
The SCA, founded in 1959, is a nonprofit organization that offers conservation internships and summer trail crew opportunities to more than 4,000 people each year. ===California Conservation Corps=== In 1976, Governor of California Jerry Brown established the California Conservation Corps.
"The CCC Indian Division: Aid for Depressed Americans, 1933–1942," Minnesota History 43 (Spring 1972) 7-12 Parman, Donald L.
The SCA, founded in 1959, is a nonprofit organization that offers conservation internships and summer trail crew opportunities to more than 4,000 people each year. ===California Conservation Corps=== In 1976, Governor of California Jerry Brown established the California Conservation Corps.
2, pp. 227–245, April 1981, pp. 227–245; available online from SAGE Publications Sommer, Barbara W.
The Corps Network began in 1985 when the nation's first 24 Corps directors banded together to secure an advocate at the federal level and a repository of information on how best to start and manage a corps.
"The Civilian Conservation Corps: Demonstrating the Value of Soil Conservation," Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40 (March–April 1985): 184-188 online Hendrickson Jr.; Kenneth E.
(National Park Service, 1985) online Pasquill, Jr., Robert.
Lakin The Forest Service and The Civilian Conservation Corps: 1933–42 (United States Forest Service FS-395, August 1986) online Paige, John C.
The MCC was established in 1991 by Montana's Human Resource Development Councils in Billings, Bozeman and Kalispell.
All regions also offer Montana YES (Youth Engaged in Service) summer programs for teenagers who are 14 to 17 years old. ===Texas Conservation Corps=== Established in 1995, Environmental Corps, now Texas Conservation Corps (TxCC), is an American YouthWorks program which allows youth, ages 17 to 28, to contribute to the restoration and preservation of parks and public lands in Texas.
65, 2003 Hill, Edwin G.
"The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Emergence of South Carolina's State Park System, 1933–1942*South Carolina Historical Magazine Volume: 104#2 2003, p.
23, 2003, pp. 77–92 ===Indian Division=== Gower, Calvin W.
During 2004, they enrolled more than 23,000 young people.
"That Magnificent Army of Youth and Peace": The Civilian Conservation Corps in North Carolina, 1933-1942 (Raleigh: Office of Archives and History, 2007) 167pp. Leighninger, Robert D., Jr.
The Civilian Conservation Corps in Alabama, 1933-1942: A Great and Lasting Good (University of Alabama Press, 2008) 242 pp, with cd of oral interviews Patel, Kiran Klaus.
online review (pb 2009) Online free to borrow Salmond John A.
New Deal, New Landscape: The Civilian Conservation Corps and South Carolina's State Parks (University of South Carolina Press; 2011) 201 pages; CCC built 16 state parks in SC between 1933 and 1942. Otis, Alison T., William D.
The Politics and Civics of National Service: Lessons from the Civilian Conservation Corps, Vista, and AmeriCorps (Brookings Institution Press, 2013) Brandimarte, Cynthia, and Angela Reed Brown.
Early financial assistance from the Ford, Hewlett and Mott Foundations was critical to establishing the association. Similar active programs in the United States are: the National Civilian Community Corps, part of the AmeriCorps program, a team-based national service program in which young adults ages 18–24 spend 10 months working for non-profit and government organizations; and the Civilian Conservation Corps, USA, (CCCUSA) managed by its President, Thomas Hark, in 2016.
Through the course of its nine years in operation, three million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them with shelter, clothing, and food, together with a wage of $30 (equivalent to $600 in 2020) per month ($25 of which had to be sent home to their families). The American public made the CCC the most popular of all the New Deal programs.
The Sea Ranger Service works in close cooperation with the Dutch government and national maritime authorities. === Aina Corps === The Aina Corps performed environmental restoration work in Hawaii in 2020, funded by the CARES Act. ==See also== Camp Petenwell Camp San Luis Obispo Rabideau CCC Camp She-She-She Camps Table Rock Civilian Conservation Corps Camp Site ==References== ==Further reading== Alexander, Benjamin F.
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