But the highest level Defense Department officials relied on the NMCC’s Air Threat Conference, in which FAA did not meaningfully participate. ==First responders== After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, radio repeaters for New York City Fire Department communication were installed in the tower complex.
The system, also called Port Authority Channel 30, was installed after the 1993 World Trade Center attack.
There was little communication between New York City Police Department and fire department commands even though an Office of Emergency Management (OEM) had been created in 1996 in part to provide such coordination.
– The Betrayal of New York's Bravest, (Chesapeak Books, 2004) [http://radiosilencefdny.com] Krenning, Teresa A, "Incident management information exchange among operations centers of public safety agencies", 2000, (College Station, Texas: Texas Transportation Institute, 2000) p. 163–187. Special Report: Improving Firefighter Communications, USFA-TR-099/January 1999, (Emmitsburg, Maryland: U.S.
Fire Administration, 1999). Varone, J.
– The Betrayal of New York's Bravest, (Chesapeak Books, 2004) [http://radiosilencefdny.com] Krenning, Teresa A, "Incident management information exchange among operations centers of public safety agencies", 2000, (College Station, Texas: Texas Transportation Institute, 2000) p. 163–187. Special Report: Improving Firefighter Communications, USFA-TR-099/January 1999, (Emmitsburg, Maryland: U.S.
Communication problems and successes played an important role in the September 11, 2001, attacks and their aftermath.
Systems were variously destroyed or overwhelmed by loads greater than they were designed to carry, or failed to operate as intended or desired. ==Attackers== The organizers of the September 11, 2001, attacks apparently planned and coordinated their mission in face to face meetings and used little or no electronic communication.
Capacity between Brooklyn and Manhattan was also diminished by cut trunk cables. Following the attacks, the issues with the cell network weren't resolved until 36 cellular COWs (cell towers on wheels) were deployed by September 14, 2001, in Lower Manhattan to support the U.S.
In addition, text on an oral history CD with transcripts of fire personnel debriefed on the incident were reviewed. ====NYPD and PAPD systems in 2001==== In 2001, the NYPD used Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radios and divided the city into 35 radio zones.
In 2001, officers at one site could not, (in all cases), carry their radios to another site and use them.
An anonymous fire dispatcher who identifies as Dispatcher 416 is noteworthy. The Commission report says that, in 2001, FDNY used a system with 5 repeater channels: one for each of the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, with the Bronx and Staten Island sharing a single frequency using different Private Line (PL) tones, and a citywide channel.
There were also five simplex channels in FDNY radios. Observation shows, back in 2001, that the citywide EMS channel was voting more frequently than normal, signals were noisy, interfering signals were present, and that some receiver sites had equalization differences.
The Commission report reveals the primary FDNY van was equipped to talk to NYPD helicopters but the backup van (which had no NYPD helicopter capability) was in use on September 11, 2001. In practice, many US helicopters used in emergency services are equipped with radios that allow communications on nearly any conventional two-way radio system, so long as the aircrew know the frequency and associated signaling tones.
A 2002 video documentary 9/11 by Gedeon and Jules Naudet, (referred to as the documentary) was reviewed.
102 Minutes: The Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin Towers (New York: Times Books, 2004) Joyce, John (FDNY Capt.) and Bowen, Bill, Radio Silence F.D.N.Y.
– The Betrayal of New York's Bravest, (Chesapeak Books, 2004) [http://radiosilencefdny.com] Krenning, Teresa A, "Incident management information exchange among operations centers of public safety agencies", 2000, (College Station, Texas: Texas Transportation Institute, 2000) p. 163–187. Special Report: Improving Firefighter Communications, USFA-TR-099/January 1999, (Emmitsburg, Maryland: U.S.
Commission member Lee Hamilton, in several television appearances related to a 2006 book on the topic of the WTC incident, reiterated this factually correct view. =====Aviation assets===== An example that was cited by Hamilton: during the incident the Police Department helicopter was unable to communicate with Fire Department units in order to warn them of the towers' imminent collapse.
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