After Bahíyyih Khánum died in 1932, Shoghi Effendi's eldest sister – Ruhangiz – married Nayyer Effendi Afnan, a son of Siyyid Ali Afnan, son of Baháʼu'lláh though Furughiyyih.
On 2 November 1941 Shoghi Effendi sent two cables announcing the expulsion of Túbá and her children Ruhi, Suhayl, and Fu'ad for consenting to the marriage of Thurayyá to Faydi.
In December 1941 he announced the expulsion of his sister Mehrangiz. Presumably being faced with a choice between shunning their disobedient family members and being themselves disobedient to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi, his cousins, aunts and uncles chose the latter. ===Expulsions=== In 1944 Shoghi Effendi announced the expulsion of Munib Shahid, the grandson of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's through Ruha, for marrying into the family of an enemy of the Baháʼís.
In December 1941 he announced the expulsion of his sister Mehrangiz. Presumably being faced with a choice between shunning their disobedient family members and being themselves disobedient to ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi, his cousins, aunts and uncles chose the latter. ===Expulsions=== In 1944 Shoghi Effendi announced the expulsion of Munib Shahid, the grandson of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's through Ruha, for marrying into the family of an enemy of the Baháʼís.
In April 1945, he announced the expulsion of Husayn Ali, his brother, for joining the other Covenant-breakers.
Examples include Ávárih, Sobhi and Níkú. === Excluded categories of people === Shoghi Effendi wrote to the National Spiritual Assembly of Canada in 1957: Beyond this, many other relationships to the Baháʼí Faith exist, both positive and negative.
Later the Universal House of Justice, initially elected in 1963, made a ruling on the subject that it was not possible for another Guardian to be appointed. In 1960 Remey, a Hand of the Cause himself, retracted his earlier position, and claimed to have been coerced.
Later the Universal House of Justice, initially elected in 1963, made a ruling on the subject that it was not possible for another Guardian to be appointed. In 1960 Remey, a Hand of the Cause himself, retracted his earlier position, and claimed to have been coerced.
The central purpose of the covenant is to prevent schism and dissension. In a letter to an individual dated 23 March 1975, the Universal House of Justice wrote: The term Covenant-breaker was first used by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá to describe the partisans of his half-brother Mírzá Muhammad ʻAlí, who challenged his leadership.
His failed apocalyptic predictions and unsuccessful efforts to reestablish the Guardianship and the administration were apparent by his death in 1996.
A dispute among Jensen's followers over the identity of the Guardian resulted in another division in 2001. ===American opposition=== Juan Cole, an American professor of Middle Eastern history who had been a Baháʼí for 25 years, left the religion in 1996 after being approached by a Continental Counselor about his involvement in a secret email list that was organizing opposition to certain Baháʼí institutions and policies.
He went on to publish three papers in journals in 1998, 2000, and 2002.
For example, Cole wrote in 1998, "Baha’is, like members of the Watchtower and other cults, shun those who are excommunicated." In 2000, "Baha'i authorities...
Includes history of Covenant breakers, the three categories, and references for further study. A Compilation: Non-Association with Covenant-breakers - From the Continental Board of Counselors to the NSAs of Alaska, Canada and the US, 7 December 1999. Bahá'í divisions
He went on to publish three papers in journals in 1998, 2000, and 2002.
For example, Cole wrote in 1998, "Baha’is, like members of the Watchtower and other cults, shun those who are excommunicated." In 2000, "Baha'i authorities...
A dispute among Jensen's followers over the identity of the Guardian resulted in another division in 2001. ===American opposition=== Juan Cole, an American professor of Middle Eastern history who had been a Baháʼí for 25 years, left the religion in 1996 after being approached by a Continental Counselor about his involvement in a secret email list that was organizing opposition to certain Baháʼí institutions and policies.
He went on to publish three papers in journals in 1998, 2000, and 2002.
Shunning is the central control mechanism in the Baha'i system" In 2002, "Opportunistic sectarian-minded officials may have seen this...
They, therefore, regard the Universal House of Justice in Haifa, Israel to be illegitimate, and its members and followers to be Covenant-breakers. In 2009, Jeffery Goldberg and Janice Franco, both from the mainstream Baháʼí community, joined the Orthodox Baháʼí Faith.
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