Fertility according to National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): ===Total fertility rate from 1930 to 1949=== Children born per woman from 1930 to 1949.
Under Mao Zedong, China nearly doubled in population from 540 million in 1949 to 969 million in 1979.
It was by far the most thorough and accurate census taken since 1949 and confirmed that China was a nation of more than 1 billion people, or about one-fifth of the world's population.
Fertility according to National Bureau of Statistics (NBS): ===Total fertility rate from 1930 to 1949=== Children born per woman from 1930 to 1949.
Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation. ===Life expectancy=== Source: UN World Population Prospects ===Fertility and mortality=== In 1949 crude death rates were probably higher than 30 per 1,000, and the average life expectancy was only 35 years.
The computer model showed that the crude death rate increased dramatically during the famine years associated with the Great Leap Forward (1958–60). According to Chinese government statistics, the crude birth rate followed five distinct patterns from 1949 to 1982.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
Health care has improved dramatically in China since 1949.
The other factors influencing migration of people from rural provincial areas to large cities are employment, education, business opportunities and higher standard of living. The mass emigration known as the Chinese diaspora, which occurred from the 19th century to 1949, was mainly caused by wars and starvation in mainland China, invasion from various foreign countries, as well as the problems resulting from political corruption.
The Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet autonomous regions and Qinghai and Gansu comprise 55% of the country's land area but in 1985 contained only 5.7% of its population. ==Vital statistics== ===Table of births and deaths 1950–2019=== China's fertility statistics differ depending on the source.
Beginning in the early 1950s, mortality steadily declined; it continued to decline through 1978 and remained relatively constant through 1987.
This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979. ===Census data=== ===Censuses in China=== The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010.
When China took its first post-1949 census in 1953, the population stood at 583 million; by the fifth census in 2000, the population had more than doubled, reaching 1.2 billion. By the sixth census in 2010, the total population had reached to 1,370,536,875, with the mainland having 1,339,724,852, Hong Kong having 7,097,600, and Macau having 552,300. ====Population of China by age and sex (demographic pyramid)==== In 1982 China conducted its first population census since 1964.
One major fluctuation was reported in a computer reconstruction of China's population trends from 1953 to 1987 produced by the United States Bureau of the Census.
Their proportion of the population in China has grown from 6.1% in 1953, to 8.04% in 1990, 8.41% in 2000, and 8.49% in 2010.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
For one year, starting in August 1956, vigorous support was given to the Ministry of Public Health's mass birth control efforts.
Unless otherwise indicated, the statistics on this page pertain to mainland China only; see also Demographics of Hong Kong and Demographics of Macau. ==Population== ===Historical population=== During 1960–2015, the population grew to nearly 1.4 billion.
In the early 1960s, schemes somewhat more muted than during the first campaign, emphasized the virtues of late marriage.
Like previous programs of the 1960s and 1970s, the one-child policy employed a combination of public education, social pressure, and in some cases coercion.
Also, the policy in force during most of the 1960s and the early 1970s of sending large numbers of high school graduates to the countryside deprived cities of a significant proportion of persons of childbearing age and undoubtedly had some effect on birth rates (see Cultural Revolution (1966–76)).
Economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s fundamentally altered methods of providing health care; the collective medical care system has been gradually replaced by a more individual-oriented approach. In 2018, China had the lowest birth rate since 1961, with an estimated of 15.23 million babies being born.
The second campaign was particularly successful in the cities, where the birth rate was cut in half during the 1963–66 period.
This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979. ===Census data=== ===Censuses in China=== The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010.
When China took its first post-1949 census in 1953, the population stood at 583 million; by the fifth census in 2000, the population had more than doubled, reaching 1.2 billion. By the sixth census in 2010, the total population had reached to 1,370,536,875, with the mainland having 1,339,724,852, Hong Kong having 7,097,600, and Macau having 552,300. ====Population of China by age and sex (demographic pyramid)==== In 1982 China conducted its first population census since 1964.
Birth control offices were set up in the central government and some provincial-level governments in 1964.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
Like previous programs of the 1960s and 1970s, the one-child policy employed a combination of public education, social pressure, and in some cases coercion.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
Between 1970 and 1980, the crude birth rate dropped from 33.4 per 1,000 to 18.2 per 1,000.
Also, the policy in force during most of the 1960s and the early 1970s of sending large numbers of high school graduates to the countryside deprived cities of a significant proportion of persons of childbearing age and undoubtedly had some effect on birth rates (see Cultural Revolution (1966–76)).
Economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s fundamentally altered methods of providing health care; the collective medical care system has been gradually replaced by a more individual-oriented approach. In 2018, China had the lowest birth rate since 1961, with an estimated of 15.23 million babies being born.
The upheaval of the Cultural Revolution brought the program to a halt, however. In 1972 and 1973 the party mobilized its resources for a nationwide birth control campaign administered by a group in the State Council.
The upheaval of the Cultural Revolution brought the program to a halt, however. In 1972 and 1973 the party mobilized its resources for a nationwide birth control campaign administered by a group in the State Council.
By 1973 Mao Zedong was personally identified with the family planning movement, signifying a greater leadership commitment to controlled population growth than ever before.
The nation began preparing for the 1982 census in late 1976.
Yet until several years after Mao's death in 1976, the leadership was reluctant to put forth directly the rationale that population control was necessary for economic growth and improved living standards. Population growth targets were set for both administrative units and individual families.
Beginning in the early 1950s, mortality steadily declined; it continued to decline through 1978 and remained relatively constant through 1987.
Under Mao Zedong, China nearly doubled in population from 540 million in 1949 to 969 million in 1979.
This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979. ===Census data=== ===Censuses in China=== The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010.
Since 1979 the government has advocated a one-child limit for both rural and urban areas and has generally set a maximum of two children in special circumstances.
The rise was an indication of problems with the one-child policy of 1979.
In fact, research done by Kam Wing Chan of the University of Washington suggests that "In the 30 years since 1979, China's urban population has grown by about 440 million to 622 million in 2009.
Various international organizations eagerly assisted the Chinese in conducting the 1982 census, including the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, which donated US$100.0 million between 1980-1989 for a variety of projects, one of which being the 1982 census. China has been the world's most populous nation for many centuries.
Pretests and small scale trial runs were conducted and checked for accuracy between 1980 and 1981 in twenty-four provincial-level units.
The United States Agency for International Development, however, withdrew US$10 million from the Fund in March 1985 based on allegations that coercion had been used. Observers suggested that an accurate assessment of the one-child program would not be possible until all women who came of childbearing age in the early 1980s passed their fertile years.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
Between 1970 and 1980, the crude birth rate dropped from 33.4 per 1,000 to 18.2 per 1,000.
The birth rate increased in the 1980s to a level over 20 per 1,000, primarily as a result of a marked rise in marriages and first births.
Pretests and small scale trial runs were conducted and checked for accuracy between 1980 and 1981 in twenty-four provincial-level units.
The thirteen areas concerning individuals were name, relationship to head of household, sex, age, nationality, registration status, educational level, profession, occupation, status of nonworking persons, marital status, number of children born and still living, and number of births in 1981.
The six items pertaining to households were type (domestic or collective), serial number, number of persons, number of births in 1981, number of deaths in 1981, and number of registered persons absent for more than one year.
It remained stable from 1949 to 1954, varied widely from 1955 to 1965, experienced fluctuations between 1966 and 1969, dropped sharply in the late 1970s, and increased from 1980 to 1981.
China's population reached 1 billion in 1982. As of November 2020, China's population stood at 1.412 billion.
This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979. ===Census data=== ===Censuses in China=== The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010.
The 1982 census (which reported a total population of 1,008,180,738) is generally accepted as significantly more reliable, accurate, and thorough than the previous two.
Various international organizations eagerly assisted the Chinese in conducting the 1982 census, including the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, which donated US$100.0 million between 1980-1989 for a variety of projects, one of which being the 1982 census. China has been the world's most populous nation for many centuries.
When China took its first post-1949 census in 1953, the population stood at 583 million; by the fifth census in 2000, the population had more than doubled, reaching 1.2 billion. By the sixth census in 2010, the total population had reached to 1,370,536,875, with the mainland having 1,339,724,852, Hong Kong having 7,097,600, and Macau having 552,300. ====Population of China by age and sex (demographic pyramid)==== In 1982 China conducted its first population census since 1964.
The nation began preparing for the 1982 census in late 1976.
Beginning on 1 July 1982, each household sent a representative to a census station to be enumerated.
The census required about a month to complete and employed approximately 5 million census takers. The 1982 census collected data in nineteen demographic categories relating to individuals and households.
Information was gathered in a number of important areas for which previous data were either extremely inaccurate or simply nonexistent, including fertility, marital status, urban population, minority ethnic groups, sex composition, age distribution, and employment and unemployment. A fundamental anomaly in the 1982 statistics was noted by some Western analysts.
The discrepancies in the vital rates were the result of the underreporting of both births and deaths to the authorities under the registration system; families would not report some births because of the one-child policy and would not report some deaths so as to hold on to the rations of the deceased. Nevertheless, the 1982 census was a watershed for both Chinese and world demographics.
For example, Chinese and foreign demographers used the 1982 census age-sex structure as the base population for forecasting and making assumptions about future fertility trends.
Demographers who had been conducting research on global population without accurate data on the Chinese fifth of the world's population were particularly thankful for the 1982 breakthrough census. ===Population control=== Initially, China's post-1949 leaders were ideologically disposed to view a large population as an asset.
According to projections based on the 1982 census, if the one-child policy were maintained to the year 2000, 25% of China's population would be age 65 or older by the year 2040.
The computer model showed that the crude death rate increased dramatically during the famine years associated with the Great Leap Forward (1958–60). According to Chinese government statistics, the crude birth rate followed five distinct patterns from 1949 to 1982.
The United States Agency for International Development, however, withdrew US$10 million from the Fund in March 1985 based on allegations that coercion had been used. Observers suggested that an accurate assessment of the one-child program would not be possible until all women who came of childbearing age in the early 1980s passed their fertile years.
The Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet autonomous regions and Qinghai and Gansu comprise 55% of the country's land area but in 1985 contained only 5.7% of its population. ==Vital statistics== ===Table of births and deaths 1950–2019=== China's fertility statistics differ depending on the source.
As of 1986 the policy for minority nationalities was two children per couple, three in special circumstances, and no limit for ethnic groups with very small populations.
In 1987, the government announced that the fourth national census would take place in 1990 and that there would be one every ten years thereafter.
As of 1987 the one-child program had achieved mixed results.
Based on United Nations and Chinese government statistics, it was estimated in 1987 that by the year 2000 the population 60 years and older (the retirement age is 60 in urban areas) would number 127 million, or 10.1% of the total population; the projection for 2025 was 234 million elderly, or 16.4%.
Beginning in the early 1950s, mortality steadily declined; it continued to decline through 1978 and remained relatively constant through 1987.
One major fluctuation was reported in a computer reconstruction of China's population trends from 1953 to 1987 produced by the United States Bureau of the Census.
This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979. ===Census data=== ===Censuses in China=== The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010.
In 1987, the government announced that the fourth national census would take place in 1990 and that there would be one every ten years thereafter.
Chinese sources, however, indicate that the birth rate started to decrease again in the 1990s and reached a level of around 12 per 1,000 in recent years. In urban areas, the housing shortage may have been at least partly responsible for the decreased birth rate.
Their proportion of the population in China has grown from 6.1% in 1953, to 8.04% in 1990, 8.41% in 2000, and 8.49% in 2010.
This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979. ===Census data=== ===Censuses in China=== The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010.
When China took its first post-1949 census in 1953, the population stood at 583 million; by the fifth census in 2000, the population had more than doubled, reaching 1.2 billion. By the sixth census in 2010, the total population had reached to 1,370,536,875, with the mainland having 1,339,724,852, Hong Kong having 7,097,600, and Macau having 552,300. ====Population of China by age and sex (demographic pyramid)==== In 1982 China conducted its first population census since 1964.
The overall goal of the one-child policy was to keep the total population within 1.2 billion through the year 2000, on the premise that the Four Modernizations program would be of little value if population growth was not brought under control. The one-child policy was a highly ambitious population control program.
Based on United Nations and Chinese government statistics, it was estimated in 1987 that by the year 2000 the population 60 years and older (the retirement age is 60 in urban areas) would number 127 million, or 10.1% of the total population; the projection for 2025 was 234 million elderly, or 16.4%.
According to projections based on the 1982 census, if the one-child policy were maintained to the year 2000, 25% of China's population would be age 65 or older by the year 2040.
Census data obtained in 2000 revealed that 119 boys were born for every 100 girls, and among China's "floating population" the ratio was as high as 128:100.
Like Hong Kong, Macau also has a low birth rate relying on immigration to maintain its population. ===Total fertility rate=== According to the 2000 census, the TFR was 1.22 (0.86 for cities, 1.08 for towns and 1.43 for villages/outposts).
The sex ratio (the number of males for each female in a population) at birth was 118.06 boys to every 100 girls (54.14%) in 2010, higher than the 116.86 (53.89%) of 2000, but 0.53 points lower than the ratio of 118.59 (54.25%) in 2005.
Their proportion of the population in China has grown from 6.1% in 1953, to 8.04% in 1990, 8.41% in 2000, and 8.49% in 2010.
Large ethnic minorities (data according to the 2000 census) include the Zhuang (16 million, 1.28%), Manchu (10 million, 0.84%), Uyghur (9 million, 0.78%), Hui (9 million, 0.71%), Miao (8 million, 0.71%), Yi (7 million, 0.61%), Tujia (5.75 million, 0.63%), Mongols (5 million, 0.46%), Tibetan (5 million, 0.43%), Buyei (3 million, 0.23%), and Korean (2 million, 0.15%).
In 2002, about 94% of the population lived east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line, which makes up only 43% of the total land area, which leads to much higher average density (about 280/km2, little less than Japan). Broadly speaking, the population was concentrated east of the mountains and south of the northern steppe.
These situations led the government in July 2004 to ban selective abortions of female fetuses.
The sex ratio (the number of males for each female in a population) at birth was 118.06 boys to every 100 girls (54.14%) in 2010, higher than the 116.86 (53.89%) of 2000, but 0.53 points lower than the ratio of 118.59 (54.25%) in 2005.
In fact, research done by Kam Wing Chan of the University of Washington suggests that "In the 30 years since 1979, China's urban population has grown by about 440 million to 622 million in 2009.
China conducted its sixth national population census in 2010, and its seventh census was completed in late 2020, with data released in May 2021.
This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979. ===Census data=== ===Censuses in China=== The People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010.
When China took its first post-1949 census in 1953, the population stood at 583 million; by the fifth census in 2000, the population had more than doubled, reaching 1.2 billion. By the sixth census in 2010, the total population had reached to 1,370,536,875, with the mainland having 1,339,724,852, Hong Kong having 7,097,600, and Macau having 552,300. ====Population of China by age and sex (demographic pyramid)==== In 1982 China conducted its first population census since 1964.
At the other end TFR was 3.96 in Geji County (Tibet), 4.07 in Jiali County (Tibet), and 5.47 in Baqing County (Tibet). The 2010 census reported a TFR of 1.18 (0.88 in cities, 1.15 in townships, and 1.44 in rural areas). The five regions with the lowest fertility rates were Beijing (0.71), Shanghai (0.74), Liaoning (0.74), Heilongjiang (0.75), and Jilin (0.76).
According to the 2010 census, males account for 51.27% of China's 1.34 billion people, while females made up 48.73% of the total.
The sex ratio (the number of males for each female in a population) at birth was 118.06 boys to every 100 girls (54.14%) in 2010, higher than the 116.86 (53.89%) of 2000, but 0.53 points lower than the ratio of 118.59 (54.25%) in 2005.
In most Western countries the sex ratio at birth is around 105 boys to 100 girls (51.22%). == Ethnic groups == The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognizes 56 distinct ethnic groups, the largest of which are Han, who constitute 91.51% of the total population in 2010.
Ethnic minorities constitute 8.49% or 113.8 million of China's population in 2010.
Their proportion of the population in China has grown from 6.1% in 1953, to 8.04% in 1990, 8.41% in 2000, and 8.49% in 2010.
In general, rural-urban migrant workers are most excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status. In 2011 a total of 252.78 million migrant workers (an increase of 4.4% compared to 2010) existed in China.
Out of these, migrant workers who left their hometown and worked in other provinces accounted for 158.63 million (an increase of 3.4% compared to 2010) and migrant workers who worked within their home provinces reached 94.15 million (an increase of 5.9% compared to 2010).
In general, rural-urban migrant workers are most excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status. In 2011 a total of 252.78 million migrant workers (an increase of 4.4% compared to 2010) existed in China.
This trend, resulting from a demographic transition, is anticipated to continue until at least 2030. The World Factbook estimated the 2012 active labor force was 798.5 million. ===Height and weight=== As of 2012, the average Chinese man was 167.1 centimeters tall (5 ft 5.8 in) in 2012, the figures showed, and women's average height was 155.8 centimeters (5 ft 1.3 in).
According to the Ministry of Health and Family Planning November 2015 announcement, China's 2015 TFR was somewhere between 1.5 and 1.6. Ministry of Health and Family Planning: The latest data from the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) seems to contradict this, stating China's TFR for 2015 was 1,05.
Even though China has already opened two-child policy since 2016, data shows that the second-child policy cannot stop the problem of an aging population.
James Liang, an economics professor at Peking University, stated that the apparent birth peak was in 2016, and predicted that birth rates will continue to fall dramatically and that the birthrate will not be higher than 2018 for at least 100 years. In Hong Kong, the birth rate of 0.9% is lower than its death rate.
The birth figure was 11.6 percent lower compared with 17,23 million in 2017.
Economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s fundamentally altered methods of providing health care; the collective medical care system has been gradually replaced by a more individual-oriented approach. In 2018, China had the lowest birth rate since 1961, with an estimated of 15.23 million babies being born.
Officials had expected 21-23 million births in 2018, much more than the 15.23 that occurred.
James Liang, an economics professor at Peking University, stated that the apparent birth peak was in 2016, and predicted that birth rates will continue to fall dramatically and that the birthrate will not be higher than 2018 for at least 100 years. In Hong Kong, the birth rate of 0.9% is lower than its death rate.
China's population reached 1 billion in 1982. As of November 2020, China's population stood at 1.412 billion.
According to the 2020 census, 91.11% of the population was Han Chinese, and 8.89% were minorities.
China conducted its sixth national population census in 2010, and its seventh census was completed in late 2020, with data released in May 2021.
It is estimated that this imbalance will rise until 2025–2030 to reach 20% then slowly decrease. China now has an increasingly aging population; it is projected that 11.8% of the population in 2020 will be 65 years of age and older.
China conducted its sixth national population census in 2010, and its seventh census was completed in late 2020, with data released in May 2021.
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