At that time Estonians were still the predominant ethnic group, while all others constituted 12% of the population of Estonia. Major Jewish communities were present in Estonia between 1918 and 1940 in Tallinn, Pärnu, Kilingi-Nõmme, Narva, Tartu, Valga, and Võru. As a result of the aforementioned Soviet policies, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61.5% in 1989, compared to 88% in 1934.
In the nation as a whole, Russians make up 24.8% of the total population. After gaining independence following World War I a population census was held in 1922 and 1934.
In the nation as a whole, Russians make up 24.8% of the total population. After gaining independence following World War I a population census was held in 1922 and 1934.
At that time Estonians were still the predominant ethnic group, while all others constituted 12% of the population of Estonia. Major Jewish communities were present in Estonia between 1918 and 1940 in Tallinn, Pärnu, Kilingi-Nõmme, Narva, Tartu, Valga, and Võru. As a result of the aforementioned Soviet policies, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61.5% in 1989, compared to 88% in 1934.
At that time Estonians were still the predominant ethnic group, while all others constituted 12% of the population of Estonia. Major Jewish communities were present in Estonia between 1918 and 1940 in Tallinn, Pärnu, Kilingi-Nõmme, Narva, Tartu, Valga, and Võru. As a result of the aforementioned Soviet policies, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61.5% in 1989, compared to 88% in 1934.
Religion plays a small part in the lives of most Estonians, largely as a result of the Soviet occupation from 1944 to 1991. Overall, the quality-of-life indices for Estonia indicate a modern industrial state.
The proportion of the age group 15–64 also slightly increased to 68% in 2009. === Births and deaths === From 1947–1989 the number of births was higher than the number of deaths, but from 1990 onwards the number of deaths outnumbered the number of births.
Since 2016 immigration has exceeded emigration, making the overall population grow. == Population == The population increased from 1,351,640 in January 1970 to 1,570,599 in January 1990.
The population decreased to 1,294,455 by December 2011, a figure lower than that recorded in 1970. 1,294,455 (2011 Population Count and Housing Census) 1,370,052 (2000 Population Count and Housing Census) Decreasing population pressures are explained by a higher death than birth rate and periods of an excess of emigrants over immigrants. Since 2015 the country has experienced population growth.
Initially a population decrease had been reported. === Age structure === Between 1970 and 1990 the age structure of Estonia was rather stable with around 22% of the population in the age group 0–14 years, 66% between 15 and 65, while 12% were 65 years or older.
For more detailed historic data, see the table of birth and death rates below. === Total fertility rate === Between 1970 and 1990, the total fertility rate (TFR) was little over 2 children born per woman.
In 1970 the rate was 17.7 per 1,000 live births.
The rate decreased to 17.1 in 1980, 12.3 in 1990 and 8.4 in 2000.
At that time Estonians were still the predominant ethnic group, while all others constituted 12% of the population of Estonia. Major Jewish communities were present in Estonia between 1918 and 1940 in Tallinn, Pärnu, Kilingi-Nõmme, Narva, Tartu, Valga, and Võru. As a result of the aforementioned Soviet policies, the share of ethnic Estonians in the population resident within currently defined boundaries of Estonia dropped to 61.5% in 1989, compared to 88% in 1934.
But in the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large scale emigration by ethnic Russians, as well as ethnic groups of other former Soviet countries, and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61.5% in 1989 to 68.7% in 2008.
Since 2016 immigration has exceeded emigration, making the overall population grow. == Population == The population increased from 1,351,640 in January 1970 to 1,570,599 in January 1990.
After 1990, Estonia lost about 15% of its population (230,000 people).
Initially a population decrease had been reported. === Age structure === Between 1970 and 1990 the age structure of Estonia was rather stable with around 22% of the population in the age group 0–14 years, 66% between 15 and 65, while 12% were 65 years or older.
Due to the low birth rates after 1990, the proportion of the population 0–14 years of age dropped to 15% in 2009, while the proportion of 65 years or older gradually increased to 17% in 2009.
The proportion of the age group 15–64 also slightly increased to 68% in 2009. === Births and deaths === From 1947–1989 the number of births was higher than the number of deaths, but from 1990 onwards the number of deaths outnumbered the number of births.
For more detailed historic data, see the table of birth and death rates below. === Total fertility rate === Between 1970 and 1990, the total fertility rate (TFR) was little over 2 children born per woman.
The rate decreased to 17.1 in 1980, 12.3 in 1990 and 8.4 in 2000.
Males live 72.7 percent of their life in good health and females 70 percent. For comparing, in 2018 the average life expectancy for men in Europe was 78.3 years and for women 83.6 years. === Migration === As the cumulative negative natural growth was about 82,000 during 1991-2010, the remainder of the population decline of Estonia since 1990 (230,000 people in total) was caused by emigration (150,000 people or about 10% of the population of Estonia in 1990).
Data from 2000–2009 also shows that the number of emigrants is larger than the number of immigrants, but on a much lower lever than in the 1990s. There were a total of 199,042 foreign-born people in Estonia at 1 January 2020, representing 15% of the population.
Religion plays a small part in the lives of most Estonians, largely as a result of the Soviet occupation from 1944 to 1991. Overall, the quality-of-life indices for Estonia indicate a modern industrial state.
The population declined annually from 1991 until 2016, except for a brief pause in 2010.
Males live 72.7 percent of their life in good health and females 70 percent. For comparing, in 2018 the average life expectancy for men in Europe was 78.3 years and for women 83.6 years. === Migration === As the cumulative negative natural growth was about 82,000 during 1991-2010, the remainder of the population decline of Estonia since 1990 (230,000 people in total) was caused by emigration (150,000 people or about 10% of the population of Estonia in 1990).
In 1994, the lowest life expectancy was recorded: 60.5 years in males and 72.8 in females.
After 1994, life expectancy gradually increased to reach 68.3 years in males and 79.2 in females in 2012. By data from Statistics Estonia life expectancy at birth in 2019 was 74.4 years for males and 82.8 years for females, on average for all 78,8 years. Life expectancy has increased for both sexes, men are expected to live disability-free for 54.1 years and women for 57.6 years.
But in the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large scale emigration by ethnic Russians, as well as ethnic groups of other former Soviet countries, and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61.5% in 1989 to 68.7% in 2008.
In 1998 the lowest rate was recorded: 1.28 children born per woman.
The rate decreased to 17.1 in 1980, 12.3 in 1990 and 8.4 in 2000.
Consequently, the proportion of these ethnic groups decreased as can be seen in the results of the 2000 census (see below).
Data from 2000–2009 also shows that the number of emigrants is larger than the number of immigrants, but on a much lower lever than in the 1990s. There were a total of 199,042 foreign-born people in Estonia at 1 January 2020, representing 15% of the population.
According to the census of 2000, 109 languages were spoken natively in Estonia.
58% of them were born in Russia, and a total of 85% in a ex-Soviet country. == Ethnic groups == Today, Estonia is an ethnically fairly diverse country, ranking 97th out of 239 countries and territories in 2001 study by Kok Kheng Yeoh.
The TFR was 1.66 in 2008 and 1.52 in 2011. === Infant mortality rate === The infant mortality rate in Estonia has decreased considerably during the past decades.
In 2008, thirteen of Estonia's fifteen counties were over 80% ethnic Estonian.
But in the decade following the reconstitution of independence, large scale emigration by ethnic Russians, as well as ethnic groups of other former Soviet countries, and the removal of the Russian military bases in 1994 caused the proportion of ethnic Estonians in Estonia to increase from 61.5% in 1989 to 68.7% in 2008.
In the same period the proportion of ethnic Russians decreased from 30.0% to 25.6%, the proportion of ethnic Ukrainians decreased from 3.1% to 2.1%, and the proportion of ethnic Belarusians decreased from 1.8% to 1.2%. As of 2008, the largest ethnic groups in Estonia are Estonians (68.7%), Russians (25.6%), Ukrainians (2.1%), Belarusians (1.2%), and Finns (0.8%).
Due to the low birth rates after 1990, the proportion of the population 0–14 years of age dropped to 15% in 2009, while the proportion of 65 years or older gradually increased to 17% in 2009.
The proportion of the age group 15–64 also slightly increased to 68% in 2009. === Births and deaths === From 1947–1989 the number of births was higher than the number of deaths, but from 1990 onwards the number of deaths outnumbered the number of births.
The population declined annually from 1991 until 2016, except for a brief pause in 2010.
During the Soviet era, the Russian language was imposed in parallel to, and often instead of, Estonian in official use. == Religion == According to the most recent Eurobarometer Poll 2010, 18% of Estonian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 50% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 29% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force".
The population decreased to 1,294,455 by December 2011, a figure lower than that recorded in 1970. 1,294,455 (2011 Population Count and Housing Census) 1,370,052 (2000 Population Count and Housing Census) Decreasing population pressures are explained by a higher death than birth rate and periods of an excess of emigrants over immigrants. Since 2015 the country has experienced population growth.
The crude birth rate of 2011 was 10.96 (14,679 births) and the crude death rate of 2011 was 11.38 (15,244 deaths), making the rate of natural increase −0.42 (−565).
The TFR was 1.66 in 2008 and 1.52 in 2011. === Infant mortality rate === The infant mortality rate in Estonia has decreased considerably during the past decades.
The lowest infant mortality rate was recorded in 2011: 2.6. === Life expectancy at birth === Life expectancy in Estonia is lower than in most Western European countries.
By 2011, the number of languages spoken natively had increased to 157, mainly due to new immigrants.
After 1994, life expectancy gradually increased to reach 68.3 years in males and 79.2 in females in 2012. By data from Statistics Estonia life expectancy at birth in 2019 was 74.4 years for males and 82.8 years for females, on average for all 78,8 years. Life expectancy has increased for both sexes, men are expected to live disability-free for 54.1 years and women for 57.6 years.
The population decreased to 1,294,455 by December 2011, a figure lower than that recorded in 1970. 1,294,455 (2011 Population Count and Housing Census) 1,370,052 (2000 Population Count and Housing Census) Decreasing population pressures are explained by a higher death than birth rate and periods of an excess of emigrants over immigrants. Since 2015 the country has experienced population growth.
The population declined annually from 1991 until 2016, except for a brief pause in 2010.
Since 2016 immigration has exceeded emigration, making the overall population grow. == Population == The population increased from 1,351,640 in January 1970 to 1,570,599 in January 1990.
Males live 72.7 percent of their life in good health and females 70 percent. For comparing, in 2018 the average life expectancy for men in Europe was 78.3 years and for women 83.6 years. === Migration === As the cumulative negative natural growth was about 82,000 during 1991-2010, the remainder of the population decline of Estonia since 1990 (230,000 people in total) was caused by emigration (150,000 people or about 10% of the population of Estonia in 1990).
After 1994, life expectancy gradually increased to reach 68.3 years in males and 79.2 in females in 2012. By data from Statistics Estonia life expectancy at birth in 2019 was 74.4 years for males and 82.8 years for females, on average for all 78,8 years. Life expectancy has increased for both sexes, men are expected to live disability-free for 54.1 years and women for 57.6 years.
Data from 2000–2009 also shows that the number of emigrants is larger than the number of immigrants, but on a much lower lever than in the 1990s. There were a total of 199,042 foreign-born people in Estonia at 1 January 2020, representing 15% of the population.
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