However, they are mostly located in Akkar Governorate, in which they have come to Berkail since 1754.
Furthermore, on several occasions in the last two centuries the Lebanese population has endured periods of ethnic cleansing and displacement (for example, 1840–60 and 1975–90).
They trace their origin to several waves of Christian emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon conflict in Ottoman Syria. Under the current Lebanese nationality law, diaspora Lebanese do not have an automatic right of return to Lebanon.
Because the matter of religious balance is a sensitive political issue, a national census has not been conducted since 1932, before the founding of the modern Lebanese state.
The last official census was performed in 1932. Religion has traditionally been of overriding importance in defining the Lebanese population.
intervention) and again in the grueling Lebanese Civil War, in 1975–90. The balance of power has been slightly adjusted in the 1943 National Pact, an informal agreement struck at independence, in which positions of power were divided according to the 1932 census.
The numbers only include the present population of Lebanon, and not the Lebanese diaspora. The 1932 census stated that Christians made up 50% of the resident population.
intervention) and again in the grueling Lebanese Civil War, in 1975–90. The balance of power has been slightly adjusted in the 1943 National Pact, an informal agreement struck at independence, in which positions of power were divided according to the 1932 census.
Most of the French and Italian settlers left after Lebanese independence in 1943 and only 22,000 French Lebanese and 4,300 Italian Lebanese continue to live in Lebanon.
The most important legacy of the French Mandate is the frequent use and knowledge of the French language by most of the educated Lebanese people, and Beirut is still known as the "Paris of the Middle East". ===Palestinians=== Around 175,555 Palestinian refugees were registered in Lebanon with the UNRWA in 2014, who are refugees or descendants of refugees from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
There are also a number of Palestinians who are not registered as UNRWA refugees, because they left earlier than 1948 or were not in need of material assistance.
Maronites, largest among the Christian denomination and then largely in control of the state apparatus, accounted for 29% of the total resident population. Total population of Lebanon was reported to be 1,411,000 in 1956.
This led to Muslim demands of increased representation, and the constant sectarian tension slid into violent conflict in 1958 (prompting U.S.
This system of government, while partly intended as a compromise between sectarian demands, has caused tensions that still dominate Lebanese politics to this day. The Christian population majority is believed to have ended in the early 1970s, but government leaders would agree to no change in the political power balance.
intervention) and again in the grueling Lebanese Civil War, in 1975–90. The balance of power has been slightly adjusted in the 1943 National Pact, an informal agreement struck at independence, in which positions of power were divided according to the 1932 census.
Furthermore, on several occasions in the last two centuries the Lebanese population has endured periods of ethnic cleansing and displacement (for example, 1840–60 and 1975–90).
During the Lebanese Civil War, Palestinian Christians sided with the rest of the Palestinian community, instead of allying with Lebanese Eastern Orthodox or other Christian communities. 60,000 Palestinians have received Lebanese citizenship, including most Christian Palestinians. ===Syrians=== In 1976, the then Syrian president Hafez al-Assad sent troops into Lebanon to fight PLO forces on behalf of Christian militias.
This especially affected the southern Shia community, as Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon in 1978, 1982, and 1996 prompted waves of mass emigration, in addition to the continual strain of occupation and fighting between Israel and Hezbollah (mainly 1982 to 2000). Many Shias from Southern Lebanon resettled in the suburbs south of Beirut.
This especially affected the southern Shia community, as Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon in 1978, 1982, and 1996 prompted waves of mass emigration, in addition to the continual strain of occupation and fighting between Israel and Hezbollah (mainly 1982 to 2000). Many Shias from Southern Lebanon resettled in the suburbs south of Beirut.
In 1989, 40,000 Syrian troops remained in central and eastern Lebanon under the supervision of the Syrian government.
After the war, the pace of Christian emigration accelerated, as many Christians felt discriminated against in a Lebanon under increasingly oppressive Syrian occupation. According to a UNDP study, as much as 10% of the Lebanese had a disability in 1990.
This especially affected the southern Shia community, as Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon in 1978, 1982, and 1996 prompted waves of mass emigration, in addition to the continual strain of occupation and fighting between Israel and Hezbollah (mainly 1982 to 2000). Many Shias from Southern Lebanon resettled in the suburbs south of Beirut.
This especially affected the southern Shia community, as Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon in 1978, 1982, and 1996 prompted waves of mass emigration, in addition to the continual strain of occupation and fighting between Israel and Hezbollah (mainly 1982 to 2000). Many Shias from Southern Lebanon resettled in the suburbs south of Beirut.
Prior to 2010, they were under even more restrictive employment rules which permitted, other than work for the U.N., only the most menial employment.
In 2012 a more detailed breakdown of the size of each Muslim sect in Lebanon was made: The Shia Muslims are around 22.5%–29% of the total population.
In 2012 a more detailed breakdown of the size of each Christian sect in Lebanon was made: The Maronites are the largest of the Christian groups about 30% of the population of Lebanon.
As of 2012, around 40% of all Kurds in Lebanon do not have Lebanese citizenship. ===Turks=== The Turkish people began to migrate to Lebanon once the Ottoman sultan Selim I conquered the region in 1516.
Moreover, in a 2013 interview, the lead investigator, Pierre Zalloua, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top.
There is currently a campaign by those Lebanese of the diaspora who already have Lebanese citizenship to attain the vote from abroad, which has been successfully passed in the Lebanese parliament and will be effective as of 2013 which is the next parliamentary elections.
The most important legacy of the French Mandate is the frequent use and knowledge of the French language by most of the educated Lebanese people, and Beirut is still known as the "Paris of the Middle East". ===Palestinians=== Around 175,555 Palestinian refugees were registered in Lebanon with the UNRWA in 2014, who are refugees or descendants of refugees from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.
It was conducted on a sample of 130,000 individuals. There are over 4 million Lebanese and descendants of Lebanese worldwide, mostly Christians, compared with the internal population of Lebanon of around 4.6 million citizens, in 2020. ==Ethnic groups== ===Lebanese=== Ethnic background is an important factor in Lebanon.
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