Stoker's notes for Dracula show that the name of the count was originally "Count Wampyr", but Stoker became intrigued by the name "Dracula" while doing research, after reading William Wilkinson's book An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Political Observations Relative to Them (London 1820), which he found in the Whitby Library and consulted a number of times during visits to Whitby in the 1890s.
Galeen transplanted the action of the story from 1890s England to 1830s Germany and reworked several characters, dropping some (such as Lucy and all three of her suitors), and renaming others (Dracula became Orlok, Jonathan Harker became Thomas Hutter, Mina became Ellen, and so on).
It is also thought probable that his mother's stories of events during the severe cholera outbreak in Sligo in 1832 were influential, particularly themes of being buried while alive. In her book The Essential Dracula, Clare Haword-Maden suggested that the castle of Count Dracula was inspired by Slains Castle, at which Bram Stoker was a guest of the 19th Earl of Erroll.
Later he also claimed that he had a nightmare, caused by eating too much crab meat, about a "vampire king" rising from his grave. The Lyceum Theatre in the West End where Stoker worked between 1878 and 1898 was headed by actor-manager Henry Irving, who was Stoker's real-life inspiration for Dracula's mannerisms and who Stoker hoped would play Dracula in a stage version.
A note by Jonathan Harker seven years later states that the Harkers have a son, named Quincey. ==Background== Between 1879 and 1898, Stoker was a business manager for the Lyceum Theatre in London, where he supplemented his income by writing many sensational novels, his most successful being the vampire tale Dracula published on 26 May 1897.
Parts of it are set around the English town of Whitby on the Yorkshire coast where he spent summer holidays. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, authors such as H.
The reputation for cruelty of the Romanian ruler of Wallachia Vlad III Dracula, which Stoker first learned about in 1881, inspired the name of the count Dracula.
Victorian readers enjoyed Dracula as a good adventure story like many others, but it did not reach its legendary status until later in the 20th century when film versions began to appear. Before writing Dracula, Stoker spent seven years researching European folklore and stories of vampires, being most influenced by Emily Gerard's 1885 essay "Transylvania Superstitions" which includes content about a vampire myth.
Parts of it are set around the English town of Whitby on the Yorkshire coast where he spent summer holidays. Throughout the 1880s and 1890s, authors such as H.
From 1890 to 1897 Stoker was a member of the London Library, where markings in Sabine Baring-Gould's "Book of Were-Wolves", Thomas Browne's "Pseudodoxica Epidemica", AF Crosse's "Round About the Carpathians" and Charles Boner's "Transylvania" are attributed to Stoker's research for Dracula.
Stoker's notes for Dracula show that the name of the count was originally "Count Wampyr", but Stoker became intrigued by the name "Dracula" while doing research, after reading William Wilkinson's book An Account of the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia with Political Observations Relative to Them (London 1820), which he found in the Whitby Library and consulted a number of times during visits to Whitby in the 1890s.
Galeen transplanted the action of the story from 1890s England to 1830s Germany and reworked several characters, dropping some (such as Lucy and all three of her suitors), and renaming others (Dracula became Orlok, Jonathan Harker became Thomas Hutter, Mina became Ellen, and so on).
According to Miller, he first visited Cruden Bay in 1893, three years after work had begun on Dracula.
Also some 1896 New York World clippings about Mercy Brown were found amongst Stoker's papers, but it is unsure how much the case could have influenced the novel.
Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker.
A note by Jonathan Harker seven years later states that the Harkers have a son, named Quincey. ==Background== Between 1879 and 1898, Stoker was a business manager for the Lyceum Theatre in London, where he supplemented his income by writing many sensational novels, his most successful being the vampire tale Dracula published on 26 May 1897.
Invasion literature was at a peak, and Stoker's formula was very familiar by 1897 to readers of fantastic adventure stories.
From 1890 to 1897 Stoker was a member of the London Library, where markings in Sabine Baring-Gould's "Book of Were-Wolves", Thomas Browne's "Pseudodoxica Epidemica", AF Crosse's "Round About the Carpathians" and Charles Boner's "Transylvania" are attributed to Stoker's research for Dracula.
In the present day however, dracul means "the devil". ==Publication== Dracula was published in London in May 1897 by Archibald Constable and Company.
Stoker himself wrote the first theatrical adaptation, which was presented at the Lyceum Theatre on 18 May 1897 under the title Dracula, or The Undead shortly before the novel's publication and performed only once, in order to establish his own copyright for such adaptations.
History Press, 2009 – ==External links== , text version of 1897 edition. Bram Stoker, Dracula and Whitby BBC article The Myth of Transylvania, Romanian Website dealing with the Dracula myth and the Western perception of Romania. Journal of Dracula Studies Links between Dracula, Bram Stoker and the Yorkshire town of Whitby 19th-century Irish novels Constable & Co.
A note by Jonathan Harker seven years later states that the Harkers have a son, named Quincey. ==Background== Between 1879 and 1898, Stoker was a business manager for the Lyceum Theatre in London, where he supplemented his income by writing many sensational novels, his most successful being the vampire tale Dracula published on 26 May 1897.
Later he also claimed that he had a nightmare, caused by eating too much crab meat, about a "vampire king" rising from his grave. The Lyceum Theatre in the West End where Stoker worked between 1878 and 1898 was headed by actor-manager Henry Irving, who was Stoker's real-life inspiration for Dracula's mannerisms and who Stoker hoped would play Dracula in a stage version.
It was copyrighted in the United States in 1899 with the publication by Doubleday & McClure of New York.
The Swedish scholar Rickard Berghorn noted that the description of the blonde countess in Dracula's Guest closely resembled the description of Josephine in the Powers of Darkness, which he used to argue that the countess and Josephine were meant to be the same character. ===Powers of Darkness=== In 1901, Dracula was translated into Icelandic by Valdimar Ásmundsson under the title Makt Myrkranna (Powers of Darkness) with a preface written by Stoker.
In the last year of his life, he was so poor that he had to petition for a compassionate grant from the Royal Literary Fund, and his widow was forced to sell his notes and outlines of the novel at a Sotheby's auction in 1913, where they were purchased for a little over £2 ().
One scholar has suggested that Stoker chose Whitby as the site of Dracula's first appearance in England because of the Synod of Whitby, given the novel's preoccupation with timekeeping and calendar disputes. ==Official derivative publications== ==="Dracula's Guest"=== The short story "Dracula's Guest" was posthumously published in 1914, two years after Stoker's death.
The first motion picture to feature Dracula was Dracula's Death, produced in Hungary in 1921.
Murnau's unauthorized adaptation of the story was released in theatres in 1922 in the form of Nosferatu.
Murnau's unauthorised film adaptation Nosferatu was released in 1922, and the popularity of the novel increased considerably, owing to an attempt by Stoker's widow to have the film removed from public circulation.
Subsequent rereleases of the film have typically undone some of the changes, such as restoring the original character names (a practice also followed by Werner Herzog in his 1979 remake of Murnau's film Nosferatu the Vampyre). Florence Stoker licensed the story to playwright Hamilton Deane, whose 1924 stage play adaptation toured England for several years before settling down in London.
In 1927, American stage producer Horace Liveright hired John L.
Universal Studios continued to feature the character of Dracula in many of their horror films from the 1930s and 1940s. In 1958, film company Hammer Film Productions followed the success of its The Curse of Frankenstein from the previous year with Dracula, released in the United States as Horror of Dracula, directed by Terence Fisher.
Seward) reprised for the English-language version of the 1931 Universal Pictures film production.
The 1931 film was one of the most commercially successful adaptations of the story to date; it and the Deane/Balderston play that preceded it set the standard for film and television adaptations of the story, with the alterations to the novel becoming standard for later adaptations for decades to come.
Universal Studios continued to feature the character of Dracula in many of their horror films from the 1930s and 1940s. In 1958, film company Hammer Film Productions followed the success of its The Curse of Frankenstein from the previous year with Dracula, released in the United States as Horror of Dracula, directed by Terence Fisher.
Universal Studios continued to feature the character of Dracula in many of their horror films from the 1930s and 1940s. In 1958, film company Hammer Film Productions followed the success of its The Curse of Frankenstein from the previous year with Dracula, released in the United States as Horror of Dracula, directed by Terence Fisher.
In the United Kingdom and other countries following the Berne Convention on copyrights, the novel was under copyright until April 1962, fifty years after Stoker's death. ==Reaction and scholarly criticism== ===Reaction=== Dracula was not an immediate bestseller when it was first published, although reviewers praised it.
Christopher Lee also took on the role of Dracula in Count Dracula, a 1970 Spanish-Italian-German co-production notable for its adherence to the plot of the original novel.
McNally in 1972. During his main reign (1456–1462), "Vlad the Impaler" is said to have killed from 40,000 to 100,000 European civilians (political rivals, criminals, and anyone that he considered "useless to humanity"), mainly by impaling.
Both Lee and Cushing reprised their roles multiple times over the next decade and a half, concluding with The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires (with Cushing but not Lee) in 1974.
Playing the part of Renfield in that version was Klaus Kinski, who later played Dracula himself in 1979's Nosferatu the Vampyre. In 1977, the BBC made Count Dracula, a 155-minute adaptation for television starring Louis Jourdan.
Later film adaptations include John Badham's 1979 Dracula, starring Frank Langella and inspired by the 1977 Broadway revival of the Deane/Hamilton play, and Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 Bram Stoker's Dracula, starring Gary Oldman.
Subsequent rereleases of the film have typically undone some of the changes, such as restoring the original character names (a practice also followed by Werner Herzog in his 1979 remake of Murnau's film Nosferatu the Vampyre). Florence Stoker licensed the story to playwright Hamilton Deane, whose 1924 stage play adaptation toured England for several years before settling down in London.
Playing the part of Renfield in that version was Klaus Kinski, who later played Dracula himself in 1979's Nosferatu the Vampyre. In 1977, the BBC made Count Dracula, a 155-minute adaptation for television starring Louis Jourdan.
Later film adaptations include John Badham's 1979 Dracula, starring Frank Langella and inspired by the 1977 Broadway revival of the Deane/Hamilton play, and Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 Bram Stoker's Dracula, starring Gary Oldman.
Later film adaptations include John Badham's 1979 Dracula, starring Frank Langella and inspired by the 1977 Broadway revival of the Deane/Hamilton play, and Francis Ford Coppola's 1992 Bram Stoker's Dracula, starring Gary Oldman.
Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994.
This adaption was first published only a century later in October 1997.
Dracula: Between Tradition and Modernism (Twayne, 1998). Spencer, Kathleen.
Beyond Dracula: Bram Stoker's Fiction and its Cultural Contexts (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000) McNally, Raymond T.
Science and Social Science in Bram Stoker's Fiction (Greenwood, 2002). Senf, Carol.
Bram Stoker: A Bibliography (Westcliff-on-Sea: Desert Island Books, 2005) Frayling, Christopher.
Desert Island Books, 2006.
Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition Toronto: McFarland, 2008, Hughes, William.
History Press, 2009 – ==External links== , text version of 1897 edition. Bram Stoker, Dracula and Whitby BBC article The Myth of Transylvania, Romanian Website dealing with the Dracula myth and the Western perception of Romania. Journal of Dracula Studies Links between Dracula, Bram Stoker and the Yorkshire town of Whitby 19th-century Irish novels Constable & Co.
Not until 2014 was it noticed that Makt Myrkranna differed significantly from Stoker's version of Dracula.
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