The author doesn't consider the "Karṇṇāṭa" (Kannada) and the "Andhra" (Telugu) languages as "Dramiḍa", because they were very different from the language of the "Tamil Veda" (Tiruvaymoli), but states that some people would include them in the "Dramiḍa" category. In 1816, Alexander D.
In 1856 Robert Caldwell published his Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages, which considerably expanded the Dravidian umbrella and established Dravidian as one of the major language groups of the world.
Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd., 1913; rev.
Already in 1924, when announcing the discovery of the IVC, John Marshall stated that (one of) the language(s) may have been Dravidic.
In his own words, Caldwell says, The 1961 publication of the Dravidian Etymological Dictionary by T.
Ramakrishna Pillai, Madras, University of Madras, 1961, reprint Asian Educational Services, 1998, . ==Further reading== Vishnupriya Kolipakam et al.
This idea has been popular amongst Dravidian linguists, including Robert Caldwell, Thomas Burrow, Kamil Zvelebil, and Mikhail Andronov, The hypothesis is, however, rejected by most specialists in Uralic languages, and also in recent times by Dravidian linguists such as Bhadriraju Krishnamurti. In the early 1970s, the linguist David McAlpin produced a detailed proposal of a genetic relationship between Dravidian and the extinct Elamite language of ancient Elam (present-day southwestern Iran).
The Elamo-Dravidian hypothesis was supported in the late 1980s by the archaeologist Colin Renfrew and the geneticist Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, who suggested that Proto-Dravidian was brought to India by farmers from the Iranian part of the Fertile Crescent.
It was suggested in the 1980s that the language was spoken in the 4th millennium BCE, and started disintegrating into various branches around 3rd millennium BCE.
The date of Dravidian is estimated to be 4,500 years old. ==Distribution== Since 1981, the Census of India has reported only languages with more than 10,000 speakers, including 17 Dravidian languages.
In 1981, these accounted for approximately 24% of India's population. In the 2001 census, they included 214 million people, about 21% of India's total population of 1.02 billion.
Burrow and Emeneau's A Dravidian etymological dictionary (2nd ed., 1984) in a searchable online form. Language families Agglutinative languages Pre-Indo-Europeans
A comprehensive description of Parpola's work until 1994 is given in his book Deciphering the Indus Script. ===Northern Dravidian pockets=== Although in modern times speakers of the various Dravidian languages have mainly occupied the southern portion of India, in earlier times they probably were spoken in a larger area.
Ramakrishna Pillai, Madras, University of Madras, 1961, reprint Asian Educational Services, 1998, . ==Further reading== Vishnupriya Kolipakam et al.
(In his 2000 book, Cavalli-Sforza suggested western India, northern India and northern Iran as alternative starting points.) However, linguists have found McAlpin's cognates unconvincing and criticized his proposed phonological rules as ad hoc.
In 1981, these accounted for approximately 24% of India's population. In the 2001 census, they included 214 million people, about 21% of India's total population of 1.02 billion.
In 2012, Southworth suggested a "Zagrosian family" of West Asian origin including Elamite, Brahui and Dravidian as its three branches. Dravidian is one of the primary language families in the Nostratic proposal, which would link most languages in North Africa, Europe and Western Asia into a family with its origins in the Fertile Crescent sometime between the Last Glacial Period and the emergence of Proto-Indo-European 4,000–6,000 BCE.
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