His observations, made in 1924, proved conclusively that these nebulae were much too distant to be part of the Milky Way and were, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own, suspected by researchers at least as early as 1755 when Immanuel Kant's General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens appeared.
Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer.
He won seven first places and a third place in a single high school track and field meet in 1906. ===Undergraduate studies=== Hubble's studies at the University of Chicago were concentrated on law, which resulted in a bachelor of science degree by 1910.
In fact, Hubble even led the University of Chicago's basketball team to their first conference title in 1907.
He used the strong direct relationship between a classical Cepheid variable's luminosity and pulsation period (discovered in 1908 by Henrietta Swan Leavitt) for scaling galactic and extragalactic distances. Hubble provided evidence that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the Earth, a property now known as "Hubble's law", despite the fact that it had been both proposed and demonstrated observationally two years earlier by Georges Lemaître.
He spent the three years at The Queen's College, Oxford after earning his bachelor's as one of the university's first Rhodes Scholars, initially studying jurisprudence instead of science (as a promise to his dying father), and later added literature and Spanish, eventually earning his master's degree. In 1909, Hubble's father moved his family from Chicago to Shelbyville, Kentucky, so that the family could live in a small town, ultimately settling in nearby Louisville.
He won seven first places and a third place in a single high school track and field meet in 1906. ===Undergraduate studies=== Hubble's studies at the University of Chicago were concentrated on law, which resulted in a bachelor of science degree by 1910.
After the death of his father in 1913, Edwin returned to the Midwest from Oxford but did not have the motivation to practice law.
In Yerkes, he had access to one of the most powerful telescopes in the world at the time, which had an innovative 24 inch (61 cm) reflector. ===Doctoral studies=== After the United States declared war on Germany in 1917, Hubble rushed to complete his Ph.D.
He rose to the rank of Major, and was found fit for overseas duty on July 9, 1918, but the 86th Division never saw combat.
After the end of World War I, Hubble spent a year at Cambridge University, where he renewed his studies of astronomy. ==Career== In 1919, Hubble was offered a staff position at the Carnegie Institution for Science's Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California, by George Ellery Hale, the founder and director of the observatory.
For his work there, he received the Legion of Merit award. ==Discoveries== ===Universe goes beyond the Milky Way galaxy=== Edwin Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson Observatory, California in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the Hooker Telescope, then the world's largest.
His observations, made in 1924, proved conclusively that these nebulae were much too distant to be part of the Milky Way and were, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own, suspected by researchers at least as early as 1755 when Immanuel Kant's General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens appeared.
Despite the opposition, Hubble, then a thirty-five-year-old scientist, had his findings first published in The New York Times on , 1924, then presented them to other astronomers at the January 1, 1925 meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
However, the prize is not one that can be awarded posthumously. ==Honors== === Awards === Newcomb Cleveland Prize in 1924; Bruce Medal in 1938; Franklin Medal in 1939; Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940; Legion of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946; === Namesakes === Asteroid 2069 Hubble; The crater Hubble on the Moon; Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope; Edwin P.
Despite the opposition, Hubble, then a thirty-five-year-old scientist, had his findings first published in The New York Times on , 1924, then presented them to other astronomers at the January 1, 1925 meeting of the American Astronomical Society.
No funeral was held for him, and his wife never revealed his burial site. ==Controversies== ===Accusations concerning Lemaître's priority=== In 2011, the journal Nature reported claims that Hubble had played a role in the redaction of key parts of the translation of Lemaître's 1927 paper, which stated what is now called Hubble's law and also gave observational evidence for it.
Hubble's results for Andromeda were not formally published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal until 1929. Hubble's findings fundamentally changed the scientific view of the universe.
In 1929 Hubble examined the relationship between these distances and their radial velocities as determined from their redshifts.
Light travelling through an expanding metric will experience a Hubble-type redshift, a mechanism somewhat different from the Doppler effect (although the two mechanisms become equivalent descriptions related by a coordinate transformation for nearby galaxies). In the 1930s, Hubble was involved in determining the distribution of galaxies and spatial curvature.
In 1931 he wrote a letter to the Dutch cosmologist Willem de Sitter expressing his opinion on the theoretical interpretation of the redshift-distance relation: Today, the "apparent velocities" in question are usually thought of as an increase in proper distance that occurs due to the expansion of the universe.
When Einstein learned of Hubble's redshifts, he immediately realized that the expansion predicted by general relativity must be real, and in later life, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of [his] life." In fact, Einstein apparently once visited Hubble and tried to convince him that the universe was expanding. Hubble also discovered the asteroid 1373 Cincinnati on August 30, 1935.
In 1936 he wrote The Observational Approach to Cosmology and The Realm of the Nebulae which explained his approaches to extra-galactic astronomy and his view of the subject's history. In December 1941, Hubble reported to the American Association for the Advancement of Science that results from a six-year survey with the Mt.
New York: Pantheon, 2009. Christianson, Gale; Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae Farrar Straus & Giroux (T) (New York, August 1995.) Hubble E.P., The Observational Approach to Cosmology (Oxford, 1937.) Alt URL Mayall, N.U., Edwin Powell Hubble Biographical Memoirs NAS 41 Harry Nussbaumer and Lydia Bieri, Discovering the expanding universe.
However, the prize is not one that can be awarded posthumously. ==Honors== === Awards === Newcomb Cleveland Prize in 1924; Bruce Medal in 1938; Franklin Medal in 1939; Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940; Legion of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946; === Namesakes === Asteroid 2069 Hubble; The crater Hubble on the Moon; Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope; Edwin P.
However, the prize is not one that can be awarded posthumously. ==Honors== === Awards === Newcomb Cleveland Prize in 1924; Bruce Medal in 1938; Franklin Medal in 1939; Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940; Legion of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946; === Namesakes === Asteroid 2069 Hubble; The crater Hubble on the Moon; Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope; Edwin P.
However, the prize is not one that can be awarded posthumously. ==Honors== === Awards === Newcomb Cleveland Prize in 1924; Bruce Medal in 1938; Franklin Medal in 1939; Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940; Legion of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946; === Namesakes === Asteroid 2069 Hubble; The crater Hubble on the Moon; Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope; Edwin P.
In 1936 he wrote The Observational Approach to Cosmology and The Realm of the Nebulae which explained his approaches to extra-galactic astronomy and his view of the subject's history. In December 1941, Hubble reported to the American Association for the Advancement of Science that results from a six-year survey with the Mt.
However, the prize is not one that can be awarded posthumously. ==Honors== === Awards === Newcomb Cleveland Prize in 1924; Bruce Medal in 1938; Franklin Medal in 1939; Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1940; Legion of Merit for outstanding contribution to ballistics research in 1946; === Namesakes === Asteroid 2069 Hubble; The crater Hubble on the Moon; Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope; Edwin P.
Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer.
Hubble remained on staff at Mount Wilson until his death in 1953.
He died of cerebral thrombosis (a spontaneous blood clot in his brain) on September 28, 1953, in San Marino, California.
New York: Pantheon, 2009. Christianson, Gale; Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae Farrar Straus & Giroux (T) (New York, August 1995.) Hubble E.P., The Observational Approach to Cosmology (Oxford, 1937.) Alt URL Mayall, N.U., Edwin Powell Hubble Biographical Memoirs NAS 41 Harry Nussbaumer and Lydia Bieri, Discovering the expanding universe.
Murrow High School, Brooklyn, NY.; Edwin Hubble Highway, the stretch of Interstate 44 passing through his birthplace of Marshfield, Missouri; Hubble Middle School, a public school in Wheaton, Illinois where he lived from 11 years old and up. ===Stamp=== On March 6, 2008, the United States Postal Service released a 41-cent stamp honoring Hubble on a sheet titled "American Scientists" designed by artist Victor Stabin.
New York: Pantheon, 2009. Christianson, Gale; Edwin Hubble: Mariner of the Nebulae Farrar Straus & Giroux (T) (New York, August 1995.) Hubble E.P., The Observational Approach to Cosmology (Oxford, 1937.) Alt URL Mayall, N.U., Edwin Powell Hubble Biographical Memoirs NAS 41 Harry Nussbaumer and Lydia Bieri, Discovering the expanding universe.
No funeral was held for him, and his wife never revealed his burial site. ==Controversies== ===Accusations concerning Lemaître's priority=== In 2011, the journal Nature reported claims that Hubble had played a role in the redaction of key parts of the translation of Lemaître's 1927 paper, which stated what is now called Hubble's law and also gave observational evidence for it.
However, the observational astronomer Sidney van den Bergh published a paper suggesting that while the omissions may have been made by a translator, they may still have been deliberate. In November 2011, the astronomer Mario Livio reported in Nature that documents in the Lemaître archive demonstrated that the redaction had indeed been carried out by Lemaître himself, who apparently saw little point in including scientific content which had already been reported by Hubble.
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