The IISS estimated in 2020 that personnel numbered 80,000 active and 70,000 reserve. Its commander is Lieutenant General Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen. ===Navy=== The Egyptian Navy existed thousands of years ago, specifically during the Early Dynastic period in 2800 BC. During the early modern era, in 1805, Muhammad Ali of Egypt became the Wali of the country forming his own autonomous rule over Egypt.
Later in 1815, Muhammad Ali built Alexandria Shipyard to build warships not just transport ships.
The Navy then participated in the Greek War of Independence where in 1827 it had over 100 warships and hundreds of transport ships.
This level is second only to Israel. Scholars such as Kenneth Pollack, DeAtkine, and Robert Springborg have identified a number of reasons why Arab (and Egyptian) armies performed so poorly against Israel from 1948 to the 1970s and afterwards; In battle against Israel from 1948, junior officers consistently demonstrated an unwillingness to manoeuvre, innovate, improvise, take initiative, or act independently.
Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948-91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, and Pollack's book reviewed in International Security, Vol.
pressure had forced an end to the fighting. Within three months of sending troops to Yemen in 1962, Nasser realized that the engagement would require a larger commitment than anticipated.
A little less than 5,000 troops were sent in October 1962.
By early 1963, he would begin a four-year campaign to extricate Egyptian forces from Yemen, using an unsuccessful face-saving mechanism, only to find himself committing more troops.
By late 1963, the number was increased to 36,000; and in late 1964, the number rose to 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen.
By late 1963, the number was increased to 36,000; and in late 1964, the number rose to 50,000 Egyptian troops in Yemen.
Late 1965 represented the high-water mark of Egyptian troop commitment in Yemen at 55,000 troops, which were broken into 13 infantry regiments of one artillery division, one tank division from the Egyptian Armoured Corps and several Special Forces as well as airborne regiments.
All the Egyptian field commanders complained of a total lack of topographical maps causing a real problem in the first months of the war. Before the June 1967 War, the army divided its personnel into four regional commands (Suez, Sinai, Nile Delta, and Nile Valley up to the Sudan).
The remainder of Egypt's territory, over 75%, was the sole responsibility of the Frontier Corps. In May 1967, President Nasser closed the Straits of Tiran to passage of Israeli ships.
This new Sinai Front Command was placed under General Abdel Mohsin Murtagi, who had returned from Yemen in May 1967.
What fragmentary information is available suggests to authors such as Pollack that Amer was trying to improve the competence of the force, replacing political appointees with veterans of the Yemen war. After the war began on 5 June 1967, Israel attacked Egypt, destroyed its air force on the ground, and occupied the Sinai Peninsula.
2 (Summer 2001). Ebtisam Hussein; Claudia De Martino, Egypt’s Military Post-2011: Playing Politics without Internal Cracks, March 1, 2019 Dr Mohammed al-Jawadi, In Between the Catastrophe: Memoirs of Egyptian Military Commanders from 1967 to 1972 (in Arabic) Hazem Kandil, Soldiers, spies, and statesmen: Egypt's road to revolt.
This level is second only to Israel. Scholars such as Kenneth Pollack, DeAtkine, and Robert Springborg have identified a number of reasons why Arab (and Egyptian) armies performed so poorly against Israel from 1948 to the 1970s and afterwards; In battle against Israel from 1948, junior officers consistently demonstrated an unwillingness to manoeuvre, innovate, improvise, take initiative, or act independently.
This developed into a rout as the Israelis harried the retreating troops from the ground and from the air. In July 1972, President Anwar Sadat expelled Soviet Armed Forces advisors from Egypt.
2 (Summer 2001). Ebtisam Hussein; Claudia De Martino, Egypt’s Military Post-2011: Playing Politics without Internal Cracks, March 1, 2019 Dr Mohammed al-Jawadi, In Between the Catastrophe: Memoirs of Egyptian Military Commanders from 1967 to 1972 (in Arabic) Hazem Kandil, Soldiers, spies, and statesmen: Egypt's road to revolt.
When the Yom Kippur War began in October 1973, the Egyptians were initially successful in crossing the Suez Canal and establishing a bridgehead on the eastern bank.
Dupuy, writing in 1978, argues from King Hussein of Jordan's memoirs that Nasser did not intend to start an immediate war, but instead was happy with his rhetorical and political accomplishments of the past weeks.
Peace was only imposed after the United States and Soviet Union stepped in. When Sadat and the Israelis made peace in the Camp David Accords of September 1978, part of the quid pro quo for the Egyptians accepting peace was that the U.S.
Later researchers such as Springborg have confirmed that the tendencies identified in the 1980s and 1990s persist in the Armed Forces in the twenty-first century. Egypt is a participant in NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue forum. === Twenty-first century === In the second decade of the 21st century, the Armed Forces enjoy considerable power and independence within the Egyptian state.
Units from the two divisions dispatched to Saudi Arabia in 1990–91, accompanied by U.S.
Later researchers such as Springborg have confirmed that the tendencies identified in the 1980s and 1990s persist in the Armed Forces in the twenty-first century. Egypt is a participant in NATO's Mediterranean Dialogue forum. === Twenty-first century === In the second decade of the 21st century, the Armed Forces enjoy considerable power and independence within the Egyptian state.
personnel during the 1991 Gulf War, consistently reported fierce battles even though they actually encountered little or no resistance.
Initially, the owners of AOI were the governments of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, before the latter governments gave their shares back to Egypt in 1993, valued at $1.8 billion.
The Mirage 2000 is the other modern interceptor used by the EAF.
2 (Summer 2001). Ebtisam Hussein; Claudia De Martino, Egypt’s Military Post-2011: Playing Politics without Internal Cracks, March 1, 2019 Dr Mohammed al-Jawadi, In Between the Catastrophe: Memoirs of Egyptian Military Commanders from 1967 to 1972 (in Arabic) Hazem Kandil, Soldiers, spies, and statesmen: Egypt's road to revolt.
Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948-91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, and Pollack's book reviewed in International Security, Vol.
Verso Books, 2012. Maj Gen Abed al-Menahim Khalil, Egyptian Wars in Modern History (in Arabic) Andrew McGregor, A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 "The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire".
Retrieved 2016-01-21. Lt Gen Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of the Suez ==External links== Egyptian Armed Forces CIA World Factbook FAS GlobalSecurity Department of State, Academics see the military in decline, but retaining strong influence, 23 September 2009 (US Embassy Cables, The Guardian, 2011) Egypt’s Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, The New York Times, February 10, 2011 Egypt's military leadership, Aljazeera English, February 11, 2011 [מצרים]
The total casualty count made 14 August the deadliest day in Egypt since the Egyptian revolution of 2011 which had toppled former President Hosni Mubarak.
Retrieved 2016-01-21. Lt Gen Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of the Suez ==External links== Egyptian Armed Forces CIA World Factbook FAS GlobalSecurity Department of State, Academics see the military in decline, but retaining strong influence, 23 September 2009 (US Embassy Cables, The Guardian, 2011) Egypt’s Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, The New York Times, February 10, 2011 Egypt's military leadership, Aljazeera English, February 11, 2011 [מצרים]
Verso Books, 2012. Maj Gen Abed al-Menahim Khalil, Egyptian Wars in Modern History (in Arabic) Andrew McGregor, A military history of modern Egypt: from the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 "The Egyptian Armed Forces and the Remaking of an Economic Empire".
On 8 July 2013, clashes between the Republican Guard and pro-Morsi supporters left 61 protestors killed.
On 14 August 2013, the Egyptian Army along with the police carried out the Rabaa massacre, killing 2,600 people.
Retrieved 2016-01-21. Maj Gen Mohammed Fawzy, The Three-Years War (in Arabic) H.Frisch, Guns and butter in the Egyptian Army, p. 6.
Retrieved 2016-01-21. Lt Gen Saad el-Shazly, The Crossing of the Suez ==External links== Egyptian Armed Forces CIA World Factbook FAS GlobalSecurity Department of State, Academics see the military in decline, but retaining strong influence, 23 September 2009 (US Embassy Cables, The Guardian, 2011) Egypt’s Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, The New York Times, February 10, 2011 Egypt's military leadership, Aljazeera English, February 11, 2011 [מצרים]
The IISS Military Balance 2017 listed the Coast Guard with 2,000 personnel, 14 fast patrol boats (PBF) and 65 patrol boats (including 15 Swiftships, 21 Timsah, three Type-89 and nine Peterson-class. === Other agencies === The Armed Forces Medical Service Department provides many military health services.
As of 2017, the Egyptian Border Guard Corps falls under the control of the Ministry of Interior as well.
However, that listing of numbers has remained the same at least since the 2017 edition (p375). == Military equipment and industry == The inventory of the Egyptian armed forces includes equipment from the United States, France, Brazil, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China.
It has about 579 combat aircraft and 149 armed helicopters as it continues to fly extensively upgraded MiG-21s, F-7 Skybolts, F-4 Phantoms, Dassault Mirage Vs, and the C-130 Hercules among other planes. Egypt currently operates 24 Dassault Rafale, a French twin-engine fighter aircraft as of 2019. ===Air Defense Forces=== The Egyptian Air Defense Forces or ADF (Quwwat El Diffaa El Gawwi in Arabic) is Egypt's military command responsible for air defense.
2 (Summer 2001). Ebtisam Hussein; Claudia De Martino, Egypt’s Military Post-2011: Playing Politics without Internal Cracks, March 1, 2019 Dr Mohammed al-Jawadi, In Between the Catastrophe: Memoirs of Egyptian Military Commanders from 1967 to 1972 (in Arabic) Hazem Kandil, Soldiers, spies, and statesmen: Egypt's road to revolt.
The IISS estimated in 2020 that the Army numbered 90-120,000, with 190-220,000 conscripts, a total of 310,000. ===Air Force=== The Egyptian Air Force (EAF) is the aviation branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces.
The IISS estimated in 2020 that personnel numbered 80,000 active and 70,000 reserve. Its commander is Lieutenant General Abd El Aziz Seif-Eldeen. ===Navy=== The Egyptian Navy existed thousands of years ago, specifically during the Early Dynastic period in 2800 BC. During the early modern era, in 1805, Muhammad Ali of Egypt became the Wali of the country forming his own autonomous rule over Egypt.
As of February 2020, the AFCM commandant was Maj.
Circa 2020, according to the IISS Military Balance 2020, they comprised an estimated 12,000, in 18 border regiments, with light weapons only (IISS 2020, p. 375).
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