Applications of electronic visual displays include electronic shelf labels and digital signage, time tables at bus stations, electronic billboards, smartphone displays, and e-readers able to display digital versions of books and magazines. ==Technologies== ===Gyricon=== Electronic paper was first developed in the 1970s by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center.
Albert, Barrett Comiskey, Joseph Jacobson, Jeremy Rubin and Russ Wilcox co-founded E Ink Corporation in 1997 to commercialize the technology.
The Pebble smart watch (2013) uses a low-power memory LCD manufactured by Sharp for its e-paper display. In 2019, Fossil launched a hybrid smartwatch called the Hybrid HR, integrating an always on electronic ink display with physical hands and dial to simulate the look of a traditional analog watch. ===E-book readers=== In 2004 Sony released the Librié in Japan, the first e-book reader with an electronic paper E Ink display.
In 2005, Philips sold the electronic paper business as well as its related patents to Prime View International.
The ink's flexibility would also make it possible to develop rollable displays for electronic devices. ===Wristwatches=== In December 2005, Seiko released the first electronic ink based watch called the Spectrum SVRD001 wristwatch, which has a flexible electrophoretic display and in March 2010 Seiko released a second generation of this famous electronic ink watch with an active matrix display.
The world's first ISO compliant smart card with an embedded display was developed by Innovative Card Technologies and nCryptone in 2005.
In September 2006, Sony released the PRS-500 Sony Reader e-book reader in the USA.
This was also the first large electronic paper tablet to support 4g cellular data. ===Newspapers=== In February 2006, the Flemish daily De Tijd distributed an electronic version of the paper to select subscribers in a limited marketing study, using a pre-release version of the iRex iLiad.
In 2007, the Estonian company Visitret Displays was developing this kind of display using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as the material for the spheres, dramatically improving the video speed and decreasing the control voltage needed. ===Electrophoretic=== In the simplest implementation of an electrophoretic display, titanium dioxide (titania) particles approximately one micrometer in diameter are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil.
On October 2, 2007, Sony announced the PRS-505, an updated version of the Reader.
In November 2008, Sony released the PRS-700BC, which incorporated a backlight and a touchscreen. In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing the Amazon Kindle, an e-book reader with an e-paper display.
This was the first recorded application of electronic ink to newspaper publishing. The French daily Les Échos announced the official launch of an electronic version of the paper on a subscription basis, in September 2007.
The contrast ratio in electronic displays available as of 2008 approaches newspaper, and newly (2008) developed displays are slightly better.
The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes then determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving the pixel a white or black appearance. At the FPD 2008 exhibition, Japanese company Soken demonstrated a wall with electronic wall-paper using this technology.
In November 2008, Sony released the PRS-700BC, which incorporated a backlight and a touchscreen. In late 2007, Amazon began producing and marketing the Amazon Kindle, an e-book reader with an e-paper display.
In February 2009, Amazon released the Kindle 2 and in May 2009 the larger Kindle DX was announced.
In September 2012, Amazon announced the fifth generation of the Kindle called the Paperwhite, which incorporates a LED frontlight and a higher contrast display. In November 2009, Barnes and Noble launched the Barnes & Noble Nook, running an Android operating system.
The ink's flexibility would also make it possible to develop rollable displays for electronic devices. ===Wristwatches=== In December 2005, Seiko released the first electronic ink based watch called the Spectrum SVRD001 wristwatch, which has a flexible electrophoretic display and in March 2010 Seiko released a second generation of this famous electronic ink watch with an active matrix display.
In July 2010 the third-generation Kindle was announced, with notable design changes.
The fourth generation of Kindle, called Touch, was announced in September 2011 that was the Kindle's first departure from keyboards and page turn buttons in favor of touchscreens.
The Ectaco Jetbook Color was released in 2012 as the first colored electronic ink device, which used E Ink's Triton display technology.
In September 2012, Amazon announced the fifth generation of the Kindle called the Paperwhite, which incorporates a LED frontlight and a higher contrast display. In November 2009, Barnes and Noble launched the Barnes & Noble Nook, running an Android operating system.
E Ink in early 2015 also announced another color electronic ink technology called Prism.
As of January 2015, Prism had not been announced to be used in the plans for any e-reader devices. ==Applications== Several companies are simultaneously developing electronic paper and ink.
It differs from other e-readers in having a replaceable battery, and a separate touch-screen color LCD below the main electronic paper reading screen. In 2017, Sony and reMarkable offered e-books tailored for writing with a smart stylus. In 2020, Onyx released the first frontlit 13.3 inch electronic paper Android tablet, the Boox Max Lumi.
The Pebble smart watch (2013) uses a low-power memory LCD manufactured by Sharp for its e-paper display. In 2019, Fossil launched a hybrid smartwatch called the Hybrid HR, integrating an always on electronic ink display with physical hands and dial to simulate the look of a traditional analog watch. ===E-book readers=== In 2004 Sony released the Librié in Japan, the first e-book reader with an electronic paper E Ink display.
It differs from other e-readers in having a replaceable battery, and a separate touch-screen color LCD below the main electronic paper reading screen. In 2017, Sony and reMarkable offered e-books tailored for writing with a smart stylus. In 2020, Onyx released the first frontlit 13.3 inch electronic paper Android tablet, the Boox Max Lumi.
It has a 4.3-inch, HD LCD on the front and an electronic ink display on the back. On May and June 2020, Hisense released the hisense A5c and A5 pro cc, the first color electronic ink smartphones.
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