The word esperanto translates into English as "one who hopes"; Esperanto speakers are often called "Esperantists" (Esperantistoj). Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperantujo ("Esperanto-land") is the name given to the collection of places where it is spoken. == History == === Creation === Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by L.
The word esperanto translates into English as "one who hopes"; Esperanto speakers are often called "Esperantists" (Esperantistoj). Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperantujo ("Esperanto-land") is the name given to the collection of places where it is spoken. == History == === Creation === Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by L.
Around 1900, Germany, in particular, was taking a more aggressive stance towards the territory and was accused of sabotage and of obstructing the administrative process to force the issue.
The name quickly gained prominence and has been used as an official name ever since. In 1905, Zamenhof published the Fundamento de Esperanto as a definitive guide to the language.
Since 1905, the congress has been held in a different country every year, except during the World Wars and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic (moved to an online-only event). Zamenhof wrote that he wanted mankind to "learn and use [...] en masse [...] the proposed language as a living one".
In the early years, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals, but in 1905 the first World Congress of Esperanto speakers was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.
On August 4, 1914, Germany invaded Belgium, leaving Moresnet at first "an oasis in a desert of destruction".
In 1915, the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, without international recognition.
Hanotaux opposed all recognition of Esperanto at the League, from the first resolution on December 18, 1920 and subsequently through all efforts during the next three years.
Nonetheless, many people see the 1920s as the heyday of the Esperanto movement.
Novljan collaborated with Esperanto newspapers and magazines, and was the author of the Esperanto textbook Internacia lingvo esperanto i Esperanto en tridek lecionoj. In 1920s Korea, socialist thinkers pushed for the use of Esperanto through a series of columns in The Dong-a Ilbo as resistance to both Japanese occupation as well as a counter to the growing nationalist movement for Korean language standardization.
This lasted until the Mukden Incident in 1931, when changing colonial policy led to an outright ban on Esperanto education in Korea. === Official repression === Esperanto attracted the suspicion of many states.
The efforts of a minority of German Esperantists to expel their Jewish colleagues and overtly align themselves with the Reich were futile, and Esperanto was legally forbidden in 1935.
Repression was especially pronounced in Nazi Germany, Francoist Spain up until the 1950s, and the Soviet Union under Stalin, from 1937 to 1956. In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to ban Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish, and due to the internationalist nature of Esperanto, which was perceived as "Bolshevist".
However, in 1937, at the height of the Great Purge, Stalin completely reversed the Soviet government's policies on Esperanto; many Esperanto speakers were executed, exiled or held in captivity in the Gulag labour camps.
Repression was especially pronounced in Nazi Germany, Francoist Spain up until the 1950s, and the Soviet Union under Stalin, from 1937 to 1956. In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to ban Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish, and due to the internationalist nature of Esperanto, which was perceived as "Bolshevist".
China also uses Esperanto in China Radio International and for the internet magazine El Popola Ĉinio. The Vatican Radio has an Esperanto version of its website. The United States Army has published military phrase books in Esperanto, to be used from the 1950s until the 1970s in war games by mock enemy forces.
The largest of these, the Universal Esperanto Association, has an official consultative relationship with the United Nations and UNESCO, which recognized Esperanto as a medium for international understanding in 1954.
Repression was especially pronounced in Nazi Germany, Francoist Spain up until the 1950s, and the Soviet Union under Stalin, from 1937 to 1956. In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to ban Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish, and due to the internationalist nature of Esperanto, which was perceived as "Bolshevist".
In addition, the self-proclaimed artificial island micronation of Rose Island, near Italy in the Adriatic Sea, used Esperanto as its official language in 1968, and another micronation, the extant Republic of Molossia, near Dayton, Nevada, uses Esperanto as an official language alongside English. The Chinese government has used Esperanto since 2001 for daily news on china.org.cn.
China also uses Esperanto in China Radio International and for the internet magazine El Popola Ĉinio. The Vatican Radio has an Esperanto version of its website. The United States Army has published military phrase books in Esperanto, to be used from the 1950s until the 1970s in war games by mock enemy forces.
In addition, the self-proclaimed artificial island micronation of Rose Island, near Italy in the Adriatic Sea, used Esperanto as its official language in 1968, and another micronation, the extant Republic of Molossia, near Dayton, Nevada, uses Esperanto as an official language alongside English. The Chinese government has used Esperanto since 2001 for daily news on china.org.cn.
1962, contained the grammar, English-Esperanto-English dictionary, and common phrases. Esperanto is the working language of several non-profit international organizations such as the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, a left-wing cultural association which had 724 members in over 85 countries in 2006.
About 150,000 users consult the Vikipedio regularly, as attested by Wikipedia's automatically aggregated log-in data, which showed that in October 2019 the website has 117,366 unique individual visitors per month, plus 33,572 who view the site on a mobile device instead. ===Online translation services=== On February 22, 2012, Google Translate added Esperanto as its 64th language.
Already in 2013, the "lernu.net" site reported 150,000 registered users and had between 150,000 and 200,000 visitors each month.
On July 25, 2016, Yandex Translate added Esperanto as a language. ===Duolingo=== On May 28, 2015, the language learning platform Duolingo launched a free Esperanto course for English speakers.
On July 25, 2016, Yandex Translate added Esperanto as a language. ===Duolingo=== On May 28, 2015, the language learning platform Duolingo launched a free Esperanto course for English speakers.
On March 25, 2016, when the first Duolingo Esperanto course completed its beta-testing phase, that course had 350,000 people registered to learn Esperanto through the medium of English.
On July 20, 2018, Duolingo changed from recording users cumulatively to reporting only the number of "active learners" (i.e., those who are studying at the time and have not yet completed the course), which as of March 2021 stands at 294,000 learners. On October 26, 2016, a second Duolingo Esperanto course, for which the language of instruction is Spanish, appeared on the same platform and which as of March 2021 has a further 244,000 students.
, over one million users had begun learning Esperanto on Duolingo; by July 2018 the number of learners had risen to 1.36 million.
On July 20, 2018, Duolingo changed from recording users cumulatively to reporting only the number of "active learners" (i.e., those who are studying at the time and have not yet completed the course), which as of March 2021 stands at 294,000 learners. On October 26, 2016, a second Duolingo Esperanto course, for which the language of instruction is Spanish, appeared on the same platform and which as of March 2021 has a further 244,000 students.
A third Esperanto course, taught in Brazilian Portuguese, began its beta-testing phase on May 14, 2018, and as of October 2019, 220,000 people are using this course.
About 150,000 users consult the Vikipedio regularly, as attested by Wikipedia's automatically aggregated log-in data, which showed that in October 2019 the website has 117,366 unique individual visitors per month, plus 33,572 who view the site on a mobile device instead. ===Online translation services=== On February 22, 2012, Google Translate added Esperanto as its 64th language.
A third Esperanto course, taught in Brazilian Portuguese, began its beta-testing phase on May 14, 2018, and as of October 2019, 220,000 people are using this course.
Since 1905, the congress has been held in a different country every year, except during the World Wars and the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic (moved to an online-only event). Zamenhof wrote that he wanted mankind to "learn and use [...] en masse [...] the proposed language as a living one".
A fourth Esperanto course, taught in French, began its beta-testing phase in July 2020, and as of March 2021 has 72,500 students.
On July 20, 2018, Duolingo changed from recording users cumulatively to reporting only the number of "active learners" (i.e., those who are studying at the time and have not yet completed the course), which as of March 2021 stands at 294,000 learners. On October 26, 2016, a second Duolingo Esperanto course, for which the language of instruction is Spanish, appeared on the same platform and which as of March 2021 has a further 244,000 students.
A fourth Esperanto course, taught in French, began its beta-testing phase in July 2020, and as of March 2021 has 72,500 students.
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Page generated on 2021-08-05