In the 1800s their traditional way of life faced significant changes due to devastating epidemics and settlement, first by French fur traders and later by an overwhelming number of American settlers ===Settlement and impact=== French fur traders had settled seasonally in the Willamette Valley by the beginning of the 19th century.
By 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year-round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals.
By 1828 to 1830 they and their Native wives began year-round occupation of the land, raising crops and tending animals.
In this process, the mixed race families began to impact Native access to land, food supply, and traditional materials for trade and religious practices. In July 1830, "intermittent fever" struck the lower Columbia region and a year later, the Willamette Valley.
In his book The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence Boyd reports there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841.
This balance was further altered over the next few years by the arrival of Anglo-American settlers, beginning in 1840 with 13 people and growing steadily each year until within 20 years more than 11,000 American settlers, including Eugene Skinner, had arrived. As the demographic pressure from the settlers grew, the remaining Kalapuyans were forcibly removed to Indian reservations.
In his book The Coming of the Spirit Pestilence Boyd reports there was a 92% population loss for the Kalapuyans between 1830 and 1841.
Native Americans could not leave the reservation without traveling papers and white people could not enter the reservation. Eugene Franklin Skinner, after whom Eugene is named, arrived in the Willamette Valley in 1846 with 1,200 other settlers that year.
The cabin was used as a trading post and was registered as an official post office on January 8, 1850. At this time the settlement was known by Anglos as Skinner's Mudhole.
It was relocated in 1853 and named Eugene City in 1853.
Though some Natives escaped being swept into the reservation, most were moved to the Grand Ronde reservation in 1856.
Formally incorporated as a city in 1862, it was named simply Eugene in 1889.
In 1872, the Legislative Assembly passed a bill creating the University of Oregon as a state institution.
In 1873, community member J.H.D.
Henderson donated the hilltop land for the campus, overlooking the city. The university first opened in 1876 with the regents electing the first faculty and naming John Wesley Johnson as president.
The first students registered on October 16, 1876.
The first building was completed in 1877; it was named Deady Hall in honor of the first Board of Regents President and community leader Judge Matthew P.
Formally incorporated as a city in 1862, it was named simply Eugene in 1889.
Tad Luckey, Sr., purchased it in 1911, making it one of the oldest businesses in Eugene.
This disparity may be additionally caused by Portland's urban heat island, where the combination of black pavement and urban energy use raises nighttime temperatures. Extreme temperatures range from , recorded on December 8, 1972, to on August 9, 1981; the record cold daily maximum is , recorded on December 13, 1919, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is on July 22, 2006. ====Air quality and allergies==== Eugene is downwind of Willamette Valley grass seed farms.
The racial makeup of the city was 88.15% White, down from 99.5% in 1950, 3.57% Asian, 1.25% Black or African American, 0.93% Native American, 0.21% Pacific Islander, 2.18% from other races, and 3.72% from two or more races.
Eugene's cultural status as a place for alternative thought grew along with the University of Oregon in the turbulent 1960s, and its reputation as an outsider's locale grew with the numerous anarchist protests in the late 1990s.
The city received national attention during the summer of 2020, after Black Lives Matter protests in response to the murder of George Floyd grew violent. ====1960s: Counterculture and campus protests==== Already a counter-culture haven, Eugene felt the change of the 1960s in a heavy way, with underground groups carrying out bombings on military targets.
The UO chapter of Students for a Democratic Society formed in 1965 but came to the forefront of campus activity in 1969, when they first led students to march and demand the removal of campus ROTC.
In September 1967, the Eugene Naval & Marine Corps Reserve Training Center was damaged by a series of explosions and fire, and in November 1967, a bomb exploded at the Air Force ROTC building.
On Sept 30, 1968, unknown anti-capitalists exploded firebombs at the Eugene Armory, causing over $100,000 in damage (approximately $741,000 in 2020), destroying multiple trucks and Jeeps and dealing significant destruction to the city's equipment compound.
Unrest continued throughout 1969 as well, with frequent dynamite attacks on local businesses, newspapers, and Emerald Hall on the University of Oregon campus. Student activism at the university shaped both campus and Eugene life during the times of social upheaval.
The UO chapter of Students for a Democratic Society formed in 1965 but came to the forefront of campus activity in 1969, when they first led students to march and demand the removal of campus ROTC.
The record snowfall was of accumulation due to a pineapple express on January 25–29, 1969.
On January 6, 1970, campus demonstrators threw animal blood onto tables at an ROTC recruitment event in order to draw attention to the barbaric war in Vietnam.
imperialism" by enabling the Oregon ROTC to have a presence on campus. Throughout January and February 1970, anti-war student activists disrupted ROTC events and demonstrated against the war presence, culminating in unknown perpetrators setting the University of Oregon ROTC building on fire in Esslinger Hall, causing massive damage and destroying draft records of university students.
On April 15, 1970, the UO faculty voted by a 199-185 margin to allow the ROTC to remain on campus, which immediately led to nearly 100 students ransacking the ROTC building, breaking furniture, windows, and throwing rocks at the property, to which the police used tear gas on campus demonstrators for the first time. The height of the Vietnam protest movement at UO occurred over three days between April 22 and April 24, 1970.
News of the National Guard’s involvement led a larger congregation of nearly 2000 students to converge at Emerald Hall in protest of the incident. On April 26, 1970, around 40 UO students successfully closed 13th Avenue through the university by erecting barricades on either end, calling it "People's Street".
On October 2, 1970, unidentified perpetrators exploded a bomb in Prince Lucien Hall, causing $75,000 in damage (approximately $511,000 in 2020). ==== 1970s activism ==== The 1970s saw an increase in community activism.
In 2012, Eugene and the surrounding metro area was dubbed the Silicon shire. The first Nike shoe was used in 1972 during the US Olympic trials held in Eugene. ===History of civil unrest=== Eugene has a long history of community activism, civil unrest, and protest activity.
This disparity may be additionally caused by Portland's urban heat island, where the combination of black pavement and urban energy use raises nighttime temperatures. Extreme temperatures range from , recorded on December 8, 1972, to on August 9, 1981; the record cold daily maximum is , recorded on December 13, 1919, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is on July 22, 2006. ====Air quality and allergies==== Eugene is downwind of Willamette Valley grass seed farms.
In the Olympic trials in 1972, "Jim Ryun won the 1,500 after being flown in by helicopter because he was allergic to Eugene's grass seed pollen." Further, six-time Olympian Maria Mutola abandoned Eugene as a training area "in part to avoid allergies". ==Demographics== ===2010 census=== According to the 2010 census, Eugene's population was 156,185.
The average rainfall is , with the wettest "rain year" being from July 1973 to June 1974 with and the driest from July 2000 to June 2001 with .
The average rainfall is , with the wettest "rain year" being from July 1973 to June 1974 with and the driest from July 2000 to June 2001 with .
A notable impact of the turn to community-organized politics came with Eugene Local Measure 51, a ballot measure in 1978 that repealed a gay rights ordinance approved by the Eugene City Council in 1977 that prohibited discrimination by sexual orientation. ====1990s: Anarchist activity==== In January 1991, a downtown student-led protest against the Gulf War drew 1,500 people and resulted in the arrest of 51, including 15 juveniles.
A notable impact of the turn to community-organized politics came with Eugene Local Measure 51, a ballot measure in 1978 that repealed a gay rights ordinance approved by the Eugene City Council in 1977 that prohibited discrimination by sexual orientation. ====1990s: Anarchist activity==== In January 1991, a downtown student-led protest against the Gulf War drew 1,500 people and resulted in the arrest of 51, including 15 juveniles.
The most notable fungi here is the truffle; Eugene hosts the annual Oregon Truffle Festival in January. Organically Grown Company, the largest distributor of organic fruits and vegetables in the northwest, started in Eugene in 1978 as a non-profit co-op for organic farmers.
Deady. === Twentieth century === Eugene grew rapidly throughout most of the twentieth century, with the exception being the early 1980s when a downturn in the timber industry caused high unemployment.
This disparity may be additionally caused by Portland's urban heat island, where the combination of black pavement and urban energy use raises nighttime temperatures. Extreme temperatures range from , recorded on December 8, 1972, to on August 9, 1981; the record cold daily maximum is , recorded on December 13, 1919, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is on July 22, 2006. ====Air quality and allergies==== Eugene is downwind of Willamette Valley grass seed farms.
By 1985, the industry had recovered and Eugene began to attract more high-tech industries, earning it the moniker the "Emerald Shire".
Eugene's cultural status as a place for alternative thought grew along with the University of Oregon in the turbulent 1960s, and its reputation as an outsider's locale grew with the numerous anarchist protests in the late 1990s.
Anarchists and leftists continued to protest against Torrey throughout his tenure, including gathering each June 1 (the anniversary of the Broadway Place confrontations) to protest against police brutality committed under his control. One hotspot for protest activity since the 1990s has been the Whitaker district, located in the northwest of downtown Eugene.
It saw an increase of activity in the 1990s after many young people drawn to Eugene's political climate relocated there.
A notable impact of the turn to community-organized politics came with Eugene Local Measure 51, a ballot measure in 1978 that repealed a gay rights ordinance approved by the Eugene City Council in 1977 that prohibited discrimination by sexual orientation. ====1990s: Anarchist activity==== In January 1991, a downtown student-led protest against the Gulf War drew 1,500 people and resulted in the arrest of 51, including 15 juveniles.
After the demonstration, a fire was set at a Eugene Marine Corps recruiting station. Attempts by the city to remove a forest grove at downtown Broadway and Charnelton were met with protests on June 1, 1997.
Over 125 different fire attacks were set in the city between 1997 and 2001. In January 2006, the FBI conducted Operation Backfire, leading to federal indictment of eleven people, all members of ELF.
In the Whitaker District, citizens were further radicalized by the incident and helped spur the activist community, which was already burgeoning due to a lack of affordable housing and growing income inequality in the area. On June 18, 1999, several months before the 1999 Seattle WTO protests, Eugene was home to a predecessor riot.
Later that year, Eugene activists also played a key role in conjunction with other anarchists in organizing black bloc tactics during the World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity.
Seattle police chief Norm Stamper in his resignation speech after the 1999 WTO protests blamed the majority of the unrest on "Eugene anarchists".
On the one-year anniversary of the 1999 riots, police again attacked demonstrators, arresting 37 and striking a KLCC reporter on the head with a baton.
In 2000, the Chicago Tribune described the city as a “cradle to [the] latest generation of anarchist protesters.” Occupy Eugene was home to one of the nation's longest-lasting Occupy protests in 2011, with the last protestor leaving the initial Occupy camp on December 27, 2011.
News of the National Guard’s involvement led a larger congregation of nearly 2000 students to converge at Emerald Hall in protest of the incident. On April 26, 1970, around 40 UO students successfully closed 13th Avenue through the university by erecting barricades on either end, calling it "People's Street".
On June 16, 2000, environmental activists set fire to trucks at a car dealership on Franklin Boulevard.
These were some of the first examples of eco-defense in the United States. In September 2000, members of a Eugene-based cell of the ELF burnt down the Eugene Police Department's West University Public Safety Station.
The average rainfall is , with the wettest "rain year" being from July 1973 to June 1974 with and the driest from July 2000 to June 2001 with .
The median age in the city was 33.8 years. ===2000 census=== The census of 2000 showed there were 137,893 people, 58,110 households, and 31,321 families residing in the city of Eugene.
Later, in March 2001, activists attacked the same car dealership on Franklin for the second time in 6 months, damaging more than 30 SUVs.
Over 125 different fire attacks were set in the city between 1997 and 2001. In January 2006, the FBI conducted Operation Backfire, leading to federal indictment of eleven people, all members of ELF.
The average rainfall is , with the wettest "rain year" being from July 1973 to June 1974 with and the driest from July 2000 to June 2001 with .
Over 125 different fire attacks were set in the city between 1997 and 2001. In January 2006, the FBI conducted Operation Backfire, leading to federal indictment of eleven people, all members of ELF.
This disparity may be additionally caused by Portland's urban heat island, where the combination of black pavement and urban energy use raises nighttime temperatures. Extreme temperatures range from , recorded on December 8, 1972, to on August 9, 1981; the record cold daily maximum is , recorded on December 13, 1919, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is on July 22, 2006. ====Air quality and allergies==== Eugene is downwind of Willamette Valley grass seed farms.
Notable local food processors, many of whom manufacture certified organic products, include Golden Temple (Yogi Tea), Merry Hempsters and Springfield Creamery (Nancy's Yogurt & owned by the Kesey Family), and Mountain Rose Herbs. Until July 2008, Hynix Semiconductor America had operated a large semiconductor plant in west Eugene.
In late September 2009, Uni-Chem of South Korea announced its intention to purchase the Hynix site for solar cell manufacturing.
It is at the southern end of the Willamette Valley, near the confluence of the McKenzie and Willamette rivers, about east of the Oregon Coast. As of the 2010 census, Eugene had a population of 156,185; it is the county seat of Lane County and the state's third most populous city after Portland and Salem, though recent state estimates suggest its population may have surpassed Salem's.
In the Olympic trials in 1972, "Jim Ryun won the 1,500 after being flown in by helicopter because he was allergic to Eugene's grass seed pollen." Further, six-time Olympian Maria Mutola abandoned Eugene as a training area "in part to avoid allergies". ==Demographics== ===2010 census=== According to the 2010 census, Eugene's population was 156,185.
In 2000, the Chicago Tribune described the city as a “cradle to [the] latest generation of anarchist protesters.” Occupy Eugene was home to one of the nation's longest-lasting Occupy protests in 2011, with the last protestor leaving the initial Occupy camp on December 27, 2011.
Later, while anarchism took a backseat, Eugene's reputation as a potent leftist center increased as overall political support in the city swung liberally. ===== Occupy Eugene ===== The Occupy Eugene protests grew out of the Occupy Wall Street movement which began in New York City on September 17, 2011.
The first protest march was held on October 15, 2011 and the main encampment, located in Washington Jefferson Park lasted until December 2011.
In 2012, Eugene and the surrounding metro area was dubbed the Silicon shire. The first Nike shoe was used in 1972 during the US Olympic trials held in Eugene. ===History of civil unrest=== Eugene has a long history of community activism, civil unrest, and protest activity.
However, this deal fell through and as of late 2012, is no longer planned.
In 2015, semiconductor manufacturer
The city's population for 2019 was estimated to be 172,622 by the U.S.
The city received national attention during the summer of 2020, after Black Lives Matter protests in response to the murder of George Floyd grew violent. ====1960s: Counterculture and campus protests==== Already a counter-culture haven, Eugene felt the change of the 1960s in a heavy way, with underground groups carrying out bombings on military targets.
On Sept 30, 1968, unknown anti-capitalists exploded firebombs at the Eugene Armory, causing over $100,000 in damage (approximately $741,000 in 2020), destroying multiple trucks and Jeeps and dealing significant destruction to the city's equipment compound.
On October 2, 1970, unidentified perpetrators exploded a bomb in Prince Lucien Hall, causing $75,000 in damage (approximately $511,000 in 2020). ==== 1970s activism ==== The 1970s saw an increase in community activism.
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