French Policy towards Germany since the war (Oxford University Press, 1954). Spaak, Paul-Henri.
After the Messina Conference in 1955, Paul Henri Spaak was given the task to prepare a report on the idea of a customs union.
The so-called Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee formed the cornerstone of the intergovernmental negotiations at Val Duchesse conference centre in 1956.
Together with the Ohlin Report the Spaak Report would provide the basis for the Treaty of Rome. In 1956, Paul Henri Spaak led the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at the Val Duchesse conference centre, which prepared for the Treaty of Rome in 1957.
It was created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957.
Together with the Ohlin Report the Spaak Report would provide the basis for the Treaty of Rome. In 1956, Paul Henri Spaak led the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom at the Val Duchesse conference centre, which prepared for the Treaty of Rome in 1957.
The conference led to the signature, on 25 March 1957, of the Treaty of Rome establishing a European Economic Community. ===Creation and early years=== The resulting communities were the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM or sometimes EAEC).
These institutions (except for the auditors) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities.
The first formal meeting of the Hallstein Commission was held on 16 January 1958 at the Chateau de Val-Duchesse.
Eisenhower Presidential Library European Customs Information Portal (ECIP) The history of the European Union History of the European Union Organizations established in 1958 Organizations disestablished in 1993 Former international organizations 1958 establishments in Europe 1993 disestablishments in Europe States and territories established in 1958 Former polities of the Cold War
As it got closer to the goal of political integration and a peaceful and united Europe, what Mikhail Gorbachev described as a Common European Home. ===Enlargement and elections=== The 1960s saw the first attempts at enlargement.
The European Council in 1985 largely followed the Committee's recommendations, but as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of a national flag representing statehood, was controversial, the "flag of Europe" design was adopted only with the status of a "logo" or "emblem". The European Council, or European summit, had developed since the 1960s as an informal meeting of the Council at the level of heads of state.
Since the 1960s the Council also began to meet informally at the level of national leaders; these European summits followed the same presidency system and secretariat as the Council but was not a formal formation of it. ===Commission=== The Commission of the European Communities was the executive arm of the community, drafting Community law, dealing with the day to running of the Community and upholding the treaties.
The European Community and the Crises of the 1960s.
In 1961, Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom and Norway (in 1962), applied to join the three Communities.
Greece became the first country to join the EC in 1961 as an associate member, however its membership was suspended in 1967 after the Colonels' coup d'état. A year later, in February 1962, Spain attempted to join the European Communities.
Its Presidency rotated between the member states every six months and it is related to the European Council, which was an informal gathering of national leaders (started in 1961) on the same basis as the Council. The Council was composed of one national minister from each member state.
In 1968, internal tariffs (tariffs on trade between member nations) were removed on certain products. Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy, which came into force in 1962.
In 1961, Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom and Norway (in 1962), applied to join the three Communities.
Greece became the first country to join the EC in 1961 as an associate member, however its membership was suspended in 1967 after the Colonels' coup d'état. A year later, in February 1962, Spain attempted to join the European Communities.
However, because Francoist Spain was not a democracy, all members rejected the request in 1964. The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969, the veto was lifted.
It gained a common set of institutions along with the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) as one of the European Communities under the 1965 Merger Treaty (Treaty of Brussels).
Eventually, a compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a gentlemen's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest. On 1 July 1967 when the Merger Treaty came into operation, combining the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC, they already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Courts.
Robert Schaetzel, ambassador to European Economic Community, 1966–1972, Dwight D.
Eventually, a compromise was reached with the Luxembourg compromise on 29 January 1966 whereby a gentlemen's agreement permitted members to use a veto on areas of national interest. On 1 July 1967 when the Merger Treaty came into operation, combining the institutions of the ECSC and Euratom into that of the EEC, they already shared a Parliamentary Assembly and Courts.
Greece became the first country to join the EC in 1961 as an associate member, however its membership was suspended in 1967 after the Colonels' coup d'état. A year later, in February 1962, Spain attempted to join the European Communities.
However, because Francoist Spain was not a democracy, all members rejected the request in 1964. The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969, the veto was lifted.
These institutions (except for the auditors) were created in 1957 by the EEC but from 1967 onwards they applied to all three Communities.
By virtue of the Merger Treaty in 1967, the executives of the ECSC and Euratom were merged with that of the EEC, creating a single institutional structure governing the three separate Communities.
In 1968, internal tariffs (tariffs on trade between member nations) were removed on certain products. Another crisis was triggered in regard to proposals for the financing of the Common Agricultural Policy, which came into force in 1962.
However, because Francoist Spain was not a democracy, all members rejected the request in 1964. The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French president in 1969, the veto was lifted.
The political development of the European Community: a documentary collection (Blaisdell, 1969). Monnet, Jean.
Negotiations began in 1970 under the pro-European UK government of Edward Heath, who had to deal with disagreements relating to the Common Agricultural Policy and the UK's relationship with the Commonwealth of Nations.
The Single European Act gave Parliament more power, with the assent procedure giving it a right to veto proposals and the cooperation procedure giving it equal power with the Council if the Council was not unanimous. In 1970 and 1975, the Budgetary treaties gave Parliament power over the Community budget.
The Norwegian people had finally rejected membership in a referendum on 25 September 1972. The Treaties of Rome had stated that the European Parliament must be directly elected, however this required the Council to agree on a common voting system first.
Nevertheless, two years later the accession treaties were signed so that Denmark, Ireland and the UK joined the Community effective 1 January 1973.
The first enlargement was in 1973, with the accession of Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
Neoliberalism and its Alternatives following the 1973 Oil Crisis [https://www.routledge.com/Governing-Europe-in-a-Globalizing-World-Neoliberalism-and-its-Alternatives/Warlouzet/p/book/9781138729421] ===Primary sources=== Bliss, Howard, ed.
It was mentioned in the treaties for the first time in the Single European Act (see below). ===Toward Maastricht=== Greece re-applied to join the community on 12 June 1975, following the restoration of democracy, and joined on 1 January 1981.
Most other institutions, including the European Court of Justice, have some form of national division of its members. ==Institutions== There were three political institutions which held the executive and legislative power of the EEC, plus one judicial institution and a fifth body created in 1975.
The Single European Act gave Parliament more power, with the assent procedure giving it a right to veto proposals and the cooperation procedure giving it equal power with the Council if the Council was not unanimous. In 1970 and 1975, the Budgetary treaties gave Parliament power over the Community budget.
The Council procrastinated on the issue and the Parliament remained appointed, French President Charles de Gaulle was particularly active in blocking the development of the Parliament, with it only being granted Budgetary powers following his resignation. Parliament pressured for agreement and on 20 September 1976 the Council agreed part of the necessary instruments for election, deferring details on electoral systems which remain varied to this day.
Following on from Greece, and after their own democratic restoration, Spain and Portugal applied to the communities in 1977 and joined together on 1 January 1986.
During the tenure of President Jenkins, in June 1979, the elections were held in all the then-members (see 1979 European Parliament election).
In the European Parliament, members are allocated a set number seats related to their population, however these (since 1979) have been directly elected and they sit according to political allegiance, not national origin.
The Treaties of Rome had required elections to be held once the Council had decided on a voting system, but this did not happen and elections were delayed until 1979 (see 1979 European Parliament election).
Greece, Spain and Portugal joined in the 1980s.
The Parliament's members, up-until 1980 were national MPs serving part-time in the Parliament.
It was mentioned in the treaties for the first time in the Single European Act (see below). ===Toward Maastricht=== Greece re-applied to join the community on 12 June 1975, following the restoration of democracy, and joined on 1 January 1981.
The European Council in 1984 appointed an ad hoc committee for this purpose.
The European Council in 1985 largely followed the Committee's recommendations, but as the adoption of a flag was strongly reminiscent of a national flag representing statehood, was controversial, the "flag of Europe" design was adopted only with the status of a "logo" or "emblem". The European Council, or European summit, had developed since the 1960s as an informal meeting of the Council at the level of heads of state.
Following on from Greece, and after their own democratic restoration, Spain and Portugal applied to the communities in 1977 and joined together on 1 January 1986.
In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country. With the prospect of further enlargement, and a desire to increase areas of co-operation, the Single European Act was signed by the foreign ministers on 17 and 28 February 1986 in Luxembourg and The Hague respectively.
In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country. With the prospect of further enlargement, and a desire to increase areas of co-operation, the Single European Act was signed by the foreign ministers on 17 and 28 February 1986 in Luxembourg and The Hague respectively.
It came into force on 1 July 1987.
The former East Germany became part of the EEC upon German reunification in 1990.
The act was followed by work on what would be the Maastricht Treaty, which was agreed on 10 December 1991, signed the following year and coming into force on 1 November 1993 establishing the European Union, and paving the way for the European Monetary Union. ===European Community=== The EU absorbed the European Communities as one of its three pillars.
Upon the formation of the European Union in 1993, the EEC was incorporated into the EU and renamed the European Community (EC).
In 1993 a complete single market was achieved, known as the internal market, which allowed for the free movement of goods, capital, services, and people within the EEC.
This agreement also extended the internal market to include most of the member states of the European Free Trade Association, forming the European Economic Area, which encompasses 15 countries. Upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, the EEC was renamed the European Community to reflect that it covered a wider range than economic policy.
The act was followed by work on what would be the Maastricht Treaty, which was agreed on 10 December 1991, signed the following year and coming into force on 1 November 1993 establishing the European Union, and paving the way for the European Monetary Union. ===European Community=== The EU absorbed the European Communities as one of its three pillars.
Following the creation of the EU in 1993, it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013. Member states are represented in some form in each institution.
After the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, these institutions became those of the European Union, though limited in some areas due to the pillar structure.
Eisenhower Presidential Library European Customs Information Portal (ECIP) The history of the European Union History of the European Union Organizations established in 1958 Organizations disestablished in 1993 Former international organizations 1958 establishments in Europe 1993 disestablishments in Europe States and territories established in 1958 Former polities of the Cold War
In 1994 the internal market was formalised by the EEA agreement.
Both Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice also extended codecision procedure to nearly all policy areas, giving Parliament equal power to the Council in the Community. In 2002, the Treaty of Paris which established the ECSC expired, having reached its 50-year limit (as the first treaty, it was the only one with a limit).
Prior to 2004, the larger members (France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom) have had two Commissioners.
This was originally proposed under the European Constitution but that treaty failed ratification in 2005. ==Aims and achievements== The main aim of the EEC, as stated in its preamble, was to "preserve peace and liberty and to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe".
In 2009, the EC formally ceased to exist and its institutions were directly absorbed by the EU.
No attempt was made to renew its mandate; instead, the Treaty of Nice transferred certain of its elements to the Treaty of Rome and hence its work continued as part of the EC area of the European Community's remit. After the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 the pillar structure ceased to exist.
Following the creation of the EU in 1993, it has enlarged to include an additional sixteen countries by 2013. Member states are represented in some form in each institution.
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