As a frequent visitor to his local libraries in the 1920s and 1930s, he recalls being disappointed because they did not stock popular science fiction novels, like those of H.
As a frequent visitor to his local libraries in the 1920s and 1930s, he recalls being disappointed because they did not stock popular science fiction novels, like those of H.
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), formed in 1938 to investigate American citizens and organizations suspected of having communist ties, held hearings in 1947 to investigate alleged communist influence in Hollywood movie-making.
The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), formed in 1938 to investigate American citizens and organizations suspected of having communist ties, held hearings in 1947 to investigate alleged communist influence in Hollywood movie-making.
The rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy's hearings hostile to accused communists, beginning in 1950, deepened Bradbury's contempt for government overreach. The year HUAC began investigating Hollywood is often considered the beginning of the Cold War, as in March 1947, the Truman Doctrine was announced.
The following covers the most salient aspects. Between 1947 and 1948, Bradbury wrote the short story "Bright Phoenix" (not published until the May 1963 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction) about a librarian who confronts a book-burning "Chief Censor" named Jonathan Barnes. In late 1949, Bradbury was stopped and questioned by a police officer while walking late one night.
The following covers the most salient aspects. Between 1947 and 1948, Bradbury wrote the short story "Bright Phoenix" (not published until the May 1963 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction) about a librarian who confronts a book-burning "Chief Censor" named Jonathan Barnes. In late 1949, Bradbury was stopped and questioned by a police officer while walking late one night.
Bradbury was bitter and concerned about the workings of his government, and a late 1949 nighttime encounter with an overzealous police officer would inspire Bradbury to write "The Pedestrian", a short story which would go on to become "The Fireman" and then Fahrenheit 451.
The following covers the most salient aspects. Between 1947 and 1948, Bradbury wrote the short story "Bright Phoenix" (not published until the May 1963 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction) about a librarian who confronts a book-burning "Chief Censor" named Jonathan Barnes. In late 1949, Bradbury was stopped and questioned by a police officer while walking late one night.
The rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy's hearings hostile to accused communists, beginning in 1950, deepened Bradbury's contempt for government overreach. The year HUAC began investigating Hollywood is often considered the beginning of the Cold War, as in March 1947, the Truman Doctrine was announced.
By about 1950, the Cold War was in full swing, and the American public's fear of nuclear warfare and communist influence was at a feverish level.
In the late 1950s, Bradbury recounted:In writing the short novel Fahrenheit 451, I thought I was describing a world that might evolve in four or five decades.
When asked "What are you doing?", Bradbury wisecracked, "Putting one foot in front of another." This incident inspired Bradbury to write the 1951 short story "The Pedestrian". In The Pedestrian, Leonard Mead is harassed and detained by the city's remotely operated police cruiser (there's only one) for taking nighttime walks, something that has become extremely rare in this future-based setting: everybody else stays inside and watches television ("viewing screens").
Fahrenheit 451 would later echo this theme of an authoritarian society distracted by broadcast media. Bradbury expanded the book-burning premise of "Bright Phoenix" and the totalitarian future of "The Pedestrian" into "The Fireman", a novella published in the February 1951 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction.
Fahrenheit 451 is a 1953 dystopian novel by American writer Ray Bradbury.
The fixup was published by Ballantine in 1953. ===Supplementary material=== Bradbury has supplemented the novel with various front and back matter, including a 1979 coda, a 1982 afterword, a 1993 foreword, and several introductions. ==Publication history== The first U.S.
printing was a paperback version from October 1953 by The Ballantine Publishing Group.
In later years, he described the book as a commentary on how mass media reduces interest in reading literature. In 1954, Fahrenheit 451 won the American Academy of Arts and Letters Award in Literature and the Commonwealth Club of California Gold Medal.
A few months later, the novel was serialized in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of nascent Playboy magazine. ===Expurgation=== Starting in January 1967, Fahrenheit 451 was subject to expurgation by its publisher, Ballantine Books with the release of the "Bal-Hi Edition" aimed at high school students.
The e-book version was released in December 2011. ==Reception== In 1954, Galaxy Science Fiction reviewer Groff Conklin placed the novel "among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more." The Chicago Sunday Tribune's August Derleth described the book as "a savage and shockingly prophetic view of one possible future way of life", calling it "compelling" and praising Bradbury for his "brilliant imagination".
In a 1956 radio interview, Bradbury said that he wrote Fahrenheit 451 because of his concerns at the time (during the McCarthy era) about the threat of book burning in the United States.
During a radio interview in 1956, Bradbury said:I wrote this book at a time when I was worried about the way things were going in this country four years ago.
If students are unable to read then, they will be unable to read Fahrenheit 451. On account of technology, Sam Weller notes that Bradbury "predicted everything from flat-panel televisions to earbud headphones and twenty-four-hour banking machines." ==Adaptations== ===Television=== Playhouse 90 broadcast "A Sound of Different Drummers" on CBS in 1957, written by Robert Alan Aurthur.
The earliest editions make clear that it takes place no earlier than the year 1960. The novel is divided into three parts: "The Hearth and the Salamander," "The Sieve and the Sand," and "Burning Bright." ==="The Hearth and the Salamander"=== Guy Montag is a fireman employed to burn houses containing outlawed books.
The following covers the most salient aspects. Between 1947 and 1948, Bradbury wrote the short story "Bright Phoenix" (not published until the May 1963 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction) about a librarian who confronts a book-burning "Chief Censor" named Jonathan Barnes. In late 1949, Bradbury was stopped and questioned by a police officer while walking late one night.
Bradbury sued and eventually won on appeal. ===Film=== A film adaptation written and directed by François Truffaut and starring Oskar Werner and Julie Christie was released in 1966. A film adaptation directed by Ramin Bahrani and starring Michael B.
A few months later, the novel was serialized in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of nascent Playboy magazine. ===Expurgation=== Starting in January 1967, Fahrenheit 451 was subject to expurgation by its publisher, Ballantine Books with the release of the "Bal-Hi Edition" aimed at high school students.
Jordan, Michael Shannon, Sofia Boutella, and Lilly Singh was released in 2018 for HBO. ===Theater=== In the late 1970s Bradbury adapted his book into a play.
For a while both the censored and uncensored versions were available concurrently but by 1973 Ballantine was publishing only the censored version.
Bradbury was honored with a Spoken Word Grammy nomination for his 1976 audiobook version. Adaptations of the novel include François Truffaut's Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film), Fahrenheit 451 (2018 film) and a 1982 BBC Radio dramatization.
In this reinstated work, in the Author's Afterword, Bradbury relates to the reader that it is not uncommon for a publisher to expurgate an author's work, but he asserts that he himself will not tolerate the practice of manuscript "mutilation". The "Bal-Hi" editions are now referred to by the publisher as the "Revised Bal-Hi" editions. ===Non-print publications=== An audiobook version read by Bradbury himself was released in 1976 and received a Spoken Word Grammy nomination.
Bradbury published a stage play version in 1979 and helped develop a 1984 interactive fiction computer game titled Fahrenheit 451, as well as a collection of his short stories titled A Pleasure to Burn.
The fixup was published by Ballantine in 1953. ===Supplementary material=== Bradbury has supplemented the novel with various front and back matter, including a 1979 coda, a 1982 afterword, a 1993 foreword, and several introductions. ==Publication history== The first U.S.
This continued until 1979 when it came to Bradbury's attention: In 1979, one of Bradbury's friends showed him an expurgated copy.
Regarding minorities, he wrote in his 1979 Coda:There is more than one way to burn a book.
At least part of it was performed at the Colony Theatre in Los Angeles in 1979, but it was not in print until 1986 and the official world premiere was only in November 1988 by the Fort Wayne, Indiana Civic Theatre.
Bradbury demanded that Ballantine Books withdraw that version and replace it with the original, and in 1980 the original version once again became available.
Bradbury was honored with a Spoken Word Grammy nomination for his 1976 audiobook version. Adaptations of the novel include François Truffaut's Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film), Fahrenheit 451 (2018 film) and a 1982 BBC Radio dramatization.
The fixup was published by Ballantine in 1953. ===Supplementary material=== Bradbury has supplemented the novel with various front and back matter, including a 1979 coda, a 1982 afterword, a 1993 foreword, and several introductions. ==Publication history== The first U.S.
It later won the Prometheus "Hall of Fame" Award in 1984 and a "Retro" Hugo Award, one of a limited number of Best Novel Retro Hugos ever given, in 2004.
Bradbury published a stage play version in 1979 and helped develop a 1984 interactive fiction computer game titled Fahrenheit 451, as well as a collection of his short stories titled A Pleasure to Burn.
It was broadcast again on February 12, 2012, and April 7 and 8, 2013, on BBC Radio 4 Extra. A second BBC adaptation, this one by David Calcutt, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003, starring Stephen Tomlin, Christian Rodska, Sunny Ormonde and Tracey Wiles. ===Computer games=== In 1984, the novel was adapted into a computer text adventure game of the same name by the software company Trillium. ===Comics=== In June 2009, a graphic novel edition of the book was published.
At least part of it was performed at the Colony Theatre in Los Angeles in 1979, but it was not in print until 1986 and the official world premiere was only in November 1988 by the Fort Wayne, Indiana Civic Theatre.
Notable incidents include: In 1987, Fahrenheit 451 was given "third tier" status by the Bay County School Board in Panama City, Florida, under then-superintendent Leonard Hall's new three-tier classification system.
At least part of it was performed at the Colony Theatre in Los Angeles in 1979, but it was not in print until 1986 and the official world premiere was only in November 1988 by the Fort Wayne, Indiana Civic Theatre.
Third tier was meant for books to be removed from the classroom for "a lot of vulgarity." After a resident class-action lawsuit, a media stir, and student protests, the school board abandoned their tier-based censorship system and approved all the currently used books. In 1992, Venado Middle School in Irvine, California, gave copies of Fahrenheit 451 to students with all "obscene" words blacked out.
The fixup was published by Ballantine in 1953. ===Supplementary material=== Bradbury has supplemented the novel with various front and back matter, including a 1979 coda, a 1982 afterword, a 1993 foreword, and several introductions. ==Publication history== The first U.S.
He notes that the book burnings themselves became a form of entertainment for the general public. In a 1994 interview, Bradbury stated that Fahrenheit 451 was more relevant during this time than in any other, stating that, "it works even better because we have political correctness now.
As in the movie, Clarisse does not simply disappear but in the finale meets up with Montag as a book character (she as Robert Louis Stevenson, he as Edgar Allan Poe). The UK premiere of Bradbury's stage adaptation was not until 2003 in Nottingham, while it took until 2006 before the Godlight Theatre Company produced and performed its New York City premiere at 59E59 Theaters.
It was broadcast again on February 12, 2012, and April 7 and 8, 2013, on BBC Radio 4 Extra. A second BBC adaptation, this one by David Calcutt, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003, starring Stephen Tomlin, Christian Rodska, Sunny Ormonde and Tracey Wiles. ===Computer games=== In 1984, the novel was adapted into a computer text adventure game of the same name by the software company Trillium. ===Comics=== In June 2009, a graphic novel edition of the book was published.
It later won the Prometheus "Hall of Fame" Award in 1984 and a "Retro" Hugo Award, one of a limited number of Best Novel Retro Hugos ever given, in 2004.
The introduction in the novel is written by Bradbury. ==Cultural references== Michael Moore's 2004 documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 refers to Bradbury's novel and the September 11 attacks, emphasized by the film's tagline "The temperature where freedom burns".
Another audiobook was released in 2005 narrated by Christopher Hurt.
In the Preface of his 2006 anthology Match to Flame: The Fictional Paths to Fahrenheit 451 he states that this is an oversimplification.
Parents contacted the local media and succeeded in reinstalling the uncensored copies. In 2006, parents of a 10th-grade high school student in Montgomery County, Texas, demanded the book be banned from their daughter's English class reading list.
As in the movie, Clarisse does not simply disappear but in the finale meets up with Montag as a book character (she as Robert Louis Stevenson, he as Edgar Allan Poe). The UK premiere of Bradbury's stage adaptation was not until 2003 in Nottingham, while it took until 2006 before the Godlight Theatre Company produced and performed its New York City premiere at 59E59 Theaters.
In a 2007 interview, Bradbury maintained that people misinterpret his book and that Fahrenheit 451 is really a statement on how mass media like television marginalizes the reading of literature.
It was broadcast again on February 12, 2012, and April 7 and 8, 2013, on BBC Radio 4 Extra. A second BBC adaptation, this one by David Calcutt, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003, starring Stephen Tomlin, Christian Rodska, Sunny Ormonde and Tracey Wiles. ===Computer games=== In 1984, the novel was adapted into a computer text adventure game of the same name by the software company Trillium. ===Comics=== In June 2009, a graphic novel edition of the book was published.
The e-book version was released in December 2011. ==Reception== In 1954, Galaxy Science Fiction reviewer Groff Conklin placed the novel "among the great works of the imagination written in English in the last decade or more." The Chicago Sunday Tribune's August Derleth described the book as "a savage and shockingly prophetic view of one possible future way of life", calling it "compelling" and praising Bradbury for his "brilliant imagination".
It was broadcast again on February 12, 2012, and April 7 and 8, 2013, on BBC Radio 4 Extra. A second BBC adaptation, this one by David Calcutt, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003, starring Stephen Tomlin, Christian Rodska, Sunny Ormonde and Tracey Wiles. ===Computer games=== In 1984, the novel was adapted into a computer text adventure game of the same name by the software company Trillium. ===Comics=== In June 2009, a graphic novel edition of the book was published.
It was broadcast again on February 12, 2012, and April 7 and 8, 2013, on BBC Radio 4 Extra. A second BBC adaptation, this one by David Calcutt, was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003, starring Stephen Tomlin, Christian Rodska, Sunny Ormonde and Tracey Wiles. ===Computer games=== In 1984, the novel was adapted into a computer text adventure game of the same name by the software company Trillium. ===Comics=== In June 2009, a graphic novel edition of the book was published.
Moore filmed a subsequent documentary about the election of Donald Trump called Fahrenheit 11/9 in 2018. In The Simpsons's 2014 episode Treehouse of Horror XXV, Bart Simpson attends the school of hell.
One of his school books is named Fahrenheit 451,000. In 2015, the Internet Engineering Steering Group approved the publication of An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles, now RFC 7725, which specifies that websites forced to block resources for legal reasons should return a status code of 451 when users request those resources. One of the short stories in the Monogatari Series (Hitagi Salamander) revolves around this book and its main messages.
HBO released a television film based on the novel and written and directed by Ramin Bahrani in 2018. ==Plot summary== Fahrenheit 451 is set in an unspecified city (likely in the American Midwest) in the year 2049 (according to Ray Bradbury's Coda), though it is written as if set in a distant future.
Jordan, Michael Shannon, Sofia Boutella, and Lilly Singh was released in 2018 for HBO. ===Theater=== In the late 1970s Bradbury adapted his book into a play.
Moore filmed a subsequent documentary about the election of Donald Trump called Fahrenheit 11/9 in 2018. In The Simpsons's 2014 episode Treehouse of Horror XXV, Bart Simpson attends the school of hell.
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