The first European Figure Skating Championships were held in 1891 in Hamburg, Germany (won by Oskar Uhlig), and the first World Figure Skating Championships were held in 1896 in Saint Petersburg, Russia (won by Gilbert Fuchs).
Although popular in Europe, the international style of skating was not widely adopted in the United States until long after Haines' death. === Early 1900s === The International Skating Union was founded in 1892.
The first European Figure Skating Championships were held in 1891 in Hamburg, Germany (won by Oskar Uhlig), and the first World Figure Skating Championships were held in 1896 in Saint Petersburg, Russia (won by Gilbert Fuchs).
Although popular in Europe, the international style of skating was not widely adopted in the United States until long after Haines' death. === Early 1900s === The International Skating Union was founded in 1892.
Only men competed in the early events but in 1902 a woman entered the World Championships for the first time: British female skater Madge Syers competed in the men's competition, finishing in second place behind Sweden's Ulrich Salchow.
The ISU quickly banned women from competing against men, and established a separate "ladies" competition in 1906.
It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games, when contested at the 1908 Olympics in London.
Pair skating was introduced at the 1908 World Championships, where the title was won by Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger of Germany. Figure skating was the first winter sport contested at the Olympics; it made its Olympic debut at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London.
A notable exception was the pair skating partnership between Ludowika Eilers and Walter Jakobsson; their 1910–11 medals were attributed to both Germany and Finland.
On March 20, 1914, an international figure skating championship was held in New Haven, Connecticut.
However, international competitions in figure skating were interrupted by World War I. In the 1920s and 1930s, figure skating was dominated by Sonja Henie of Norway.
However, international competitions in figure skating were interrupted by World War I. In the 1920s and 1930s, figure skating was dominated by Sonja Henie of Norway.
Dick Button, 1948 and 1952 Olympic Champion, was the first skater to perform the double Axel and triple loop jumps, as well as the flying camel spin. The World Figure Skating Championships did not include ice dance until 1952.
Dick Button, 1948 and 1952 Olympic Champion, was the first skater to perform the double Axel and triple loop jumps, as well as the flying camel spin. The World Figure Skating Championships did not include ice dance until 1952.
In its early years, ice dance was dominated by British skaters, and until 1960 the world title was won every year by a British couple, beginning with Jean Westwood and Lawrence Demmy. On February 15, 1961, the entire U.S.
In its early years, ice dance was dominated by British skaters, and until 1960 the world title was won every year by a British couple, beginning with Jean Westwood and Lawrence Demmy. On February 15, 1961, the entire U.S.
At every Winter Olympics from 1964 until 2006, a Soviet or Russian pair won gold in pair skating, in what is often considered to be one of the longest winning streaks in modern sports history.
The 1967 World Championships was the last event held on an outdoor rink. === Effect of television and the present day === Compulsory figures formerly accounted for up to 60% of the score in singles figure skating, meaning that skaters who could build up a significant lead in figures could win competitions even if they were mediocre free skaters.
Beginning in 1968, the ISU progressively reduced the weighting of compulsory figures and introduced the short program in 1973.
For example, she missed out on a podium place at the 1971 World Championships after winning the free skate competition decisively, which produced an uproar and loud booing from the audience during the medal ceremony. With these changes, the emphasis in competitive figure skating shifted to increased athleticism.
Beginning in 1968, the ISU progressively reduced the weighting of compulsory figures and introduced the short program in 1973.
In the late 1980s, the expenses of a top-ten ladies' competitor at the U.S.
By the 1980s, some skaters began practising quadruple jumps.
Jozef Sabovcik of Czechoslovakia landed a quad toe loop at the 1986 European Championships which was recognized at the event but then ruled invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot.
Costumes may cost thousands of dollars if designed by a top-level costume maker.This rule of costuming came after Katarina Witt's costume and performance at the 1988 Winter Olympics. According to current ISU regulations, costumes in competition must be fair, non-revealing, and appropriate for both short and long programs.
At the 1988 World Championships, Kurt Browning of Canada landed the first quad toe loop which has remained ratified.
In 1988, Japan's Midori Ito became the first woman to land a triple Axel, pushing the athletic and technical level for women's programs.
Worth only 20% by 1989, compulsory figures were eliminated from international competition in 1990. Television contributed to the sport's popularity by showing skaters in the kiss and cry area after competing.
Figures were formerly included as a component of singles competitions but were eliminated from international events in 1990.
Before the 1990s, 12 was the minimum age for senior international competitions.
However, American pair skater Natasha Kuchiki was allowed to compete at the 1990 World Championships when she was two years too young and American single skater Tara Lipinski, who was 13 at the time the 1996 rules were introduced, was grandfathered into remaining eligible for future events, along with other skaters who had already competed at the World Championships.
Worth only 20% by 1989, compulsory figures were eliminated from international competition in 1990. Television contributed to the sport's popularity by showing skaters in the kiss and cry area after competing.
In May 1990, the ISU voted to allow skaters intending to skate professionally to return to ISU competition, provided that they obtained their national association's permission.
Midori Ito collided with Laetitia Hubert at the 1991 World Championships, while Oksana Baiul and Tanja Szewczenko collided at the 1994 Olympics, but all went on to compete.
Commenting on Soviet skaters, three-time Olympic champion Irina Rodnina stated in 1991, "Boys in pairs and singles used drugs, but this was only in August or September.
Skating, March/April 1991. ISU Constitution & Regulations ISU Judging System Summary Scoring System: IJS vs.
In the 1993 National Sports Study II, considered by the Associated Press as the largest study of spectator sport popularity in America, ladies' figure skating was the second most popular spectator sport in America, just behind NFL football out of over 100 sports surveyed.
The 1993 study found that three figure skaters – Dorothy Hamill, Peggy Fleming, and Scott Hamilton – were among the eight most popular athletes in the United States, of more than 800 athletes surveyed.
Midori Ito collided with Laetitia Hubert at the 1991 World Championships, while Oksana Baiul and Tanja Szewczenko collided at the 1994 Olympics, but all went on to compete.
The Tonya Harding scandal in 1994 increased interest in figure skating.
The first night of the ladies' figure skating competition in the 1994 Winter Olympics achieved higher Nielsen TV ratings than the Super Bowl three weeks earlier and, to that date, was the most watched sports television program of all time. To show support, spectators sometimes throw a variety of items onto the ice after the end of a figure skating program, most commonly stuffed toys and flowers.
For example, Adelina Sotnikova was born a few hours into July 1, 1996, in Moscow and consequently, was not eligible to compete at Junior Worlds until 2011 and senior Worlds until 2013.
New rules were introduced in 1996, requiring skaters to be at least 15 before July 1 of the preceding year to compete at the Olympics, Worlds, Europeans, or Four Continents.
However, American pair skater Natasha Kuchiki was allowed to compete at the 1990 World Championships when she was two years too young and American single skater Tara Lipinski, who was 13 at the time the 1996 rules were introduced, was grandfathered into remaining eligible for future events, along with other skaters who had already competed at the World Championships.
Beginning in the 1997–98 season, the ISU decided to allow lyrics or words in ice dance music.
The United States was the last country to retain a separate test and competitive structure for compulsory figures, but the last national-level figures championship was held in 1999.
At the 2000 World Championships in Nice, France, a pair skater who had been injured in a lift accident lay on the ice for several minutes and had to get up and leave the ice on his own before being offered medical attention. Eating disorders are reportedly common in figure skating.
The highest placing individual (based on the sum of the weighted placements) was declared the winner. ===ISU Judging System=== In 2004, in response to the judging controversy during the 2002 Winter Olympics, the ISU adopted the International Judging System (IJS), which became mandatory at all international competitions in 2006, including the 2006 Winter Olympics.
The highest placing individual (based on the sum of the weighted placements) was declared the winner. ===ISU Judging System=== In 2004, in response to the judging controversy during the 2002 Winter Olympics, the ISU adopted the International Judging System (IJS), which became mandatory at all international competitions in 2006, including the 2006 Winter Olympics.
In competition, females may wear a dress, typically with matching attached briefs, and since 2004, they may also choose trousers.
In October 2004, a U.S.
The minimum age for all other senior internationals was 14 until July 2014, when it was raised to 15. During the 2005–06 season, Mao Asada of Japan was age-eligible to compete at the Grand Prix Final, where she claimed the title, but she was not permitted to compete at the Olympics.
The highest placing individual (based on the sum of the weighted placements) was declared the winner. ===ISU Judging System=== In 2004, in response to the judging controversy during the 2002 Winter Olympics, the ISU adopted the International Judging System (IJS), which became mandatory at all international competitions in 2006, including the 2006 Winter Olympics.
At every Winter Olympics from 1964 until 2006, a Soviet or Russian pair won gold in pair skating, in what is often considered to be one of the longest winning streaks in modern sports history.
The ISU allowed an exception for the original dance in the 2007–08 season but not since. == Eligibility == === Age eligibility === To compete internationally on the senior level, skaters must be at least 15 before July 1 of the preceding year.
For the 2008 World Championships, the United States was obliged to send skaters who had placed 5th and 7th at nationals because higher-placed skaters were too young, including a skater who missed the cutoff by 20 days.
Beginning in the 2010–11 season, the compulsory and original dances were merged into the short dance, which itself was renamed the rhythm dance in June 2018, before the 2018–19 season. ===6.0 System=== Skating was formerly judged for "technical merit" (in the free skate), "required elements" (in the short program), and "presentation" (in both programs).
There may be different requirements specified to achieve a certain level; the required elements may change and new elements may be allowed (for example, two quads in the short program were permitted starting in the 2010–11 season); and the point values may change (for example, the values of quads were increased after the 2010 Olympics, and a second step sequence is no longer assigned a level in the men's competition).
In the 2010 regulations, it was 24 months or more from the date of the last ISU Championship.
The ISU has set no limit to how long a country may hold skaters. Skaters may lose their ISU eligibility if they perform in an unsanctioned show or competition. Beginning in the 2010–11 season, minimum scores were introduced for the World, European, or Four Continents Championships.
In the 2010s, American senior national medalists had expenses in the mid-five-figure range.
As of 2011, the woman's head must at some time reach her skating knee.
At the 2011 World Championships, Florent Amodio's long program music included words but an insufficient number of judges voted for a deduction.
For example, Adelina Sotnikova was born a few hours into July 1, 1996, in Moscow and consequently, was not eligible to compete at Junior Worlds until 2011 and senior Worlds until 2013.
On February 14, 2011, questions emerged surrounding nine Chinese skaters.
In the 2011–12 season, different minimum scores were introduced for the Grand Prix series. == Competitors' expenses, income, and funding == Figure skating is an expensive sport.
A men's or ladies' singles skater who won the 2011 World Championships earned US$45,000, about 1.8% to 2.5% of the US$1,800,000–$2,400,000 for winners of the tennis US Open and Australian Open.
A winner of the senior Grand Prix Final in December 2011 earned US$25,000. Some national associations provide funding to some skaters if they meet certain criteria.
India had only four major indoor ice rinks as of 2011, but there were plans for ten more to be built, mostly in malls, over the following five years.
On April 6, 2011, the International Olympic Committee officially confirmed the approval of a figure skating team event, which was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
Spiral sequences were required in ladies' and pair skating prior to the 2012–13 season, but from the 2012–13 season onward, they were replaced by the choreographic sequence.
In June 2012, the ISU voted to allow skaters from all disciplines to choose music with words in their competitive programs beginning in the 2014–15 season. Skaters may use professional music editors so that their music meets requirements.
In the 2012 regulations, the minimum was 18 months for singles and 12 months for pairs/ice dancers from the date of their last ISU Championships (Worlds, Europeans, Four Continents, Junior Worlds) and 12 months if they competed in some other international competition.
For example, Adelina Sotnikova was born a few hours into July 1, 1996, in Moscow and consequently, was not eligible to compete at Junior Worlds until 2011 and senior Worlds until 2013.
The Olympic disciplines are men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance; the four individual disciplines are also combined into a team event, first included in the Winter Olympics in 2014.
Ice dance lifts must not go above the shoulder, while throws and jumps are disallowed. The four disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dance, are also incorporated into a team event which appeared on the Olympic programme for the first time at the 2014 Winter Olympics. === Other disciplines === Synchronized skating (formerly known as "precision skating") is for mixed-gender groups of between twelve and twenty figure skaters.
In June 2012, the ISU voted to allow skaters from all disciplines to choose music with words in their competitive programs beginning in the 2014–15 season. Skaters may use professional music editors so that their music meets requirements.
The minimum age for all other senior internationals was 14 until July 2014, when it was raised to 15. During the 2005–06 season, Mao Asada of Japan was age-eligible to compete at the Grand Prix Final, where she claimed the title, but she was not permitted to compete at the Olympics.
On April 6, 2011, the International Olympic Committee officially confirmed the approval of a figure skating team event, which was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics.
"Moves in the field" (known in the United Kingdom as field moves) replaced compulsory figures as a discipline to teach the same turns and edge skills. The World Figure Sport Society, based in Lake Placid, NY, hosts an annual World Figure Championship, which was first held in 2015.
In 2015, CBC Sports estimated that a Canadian pair team had expenses of about Can$100,000 per year. Prize money is relatively low compared to other sports.
As of 2016, three of these intended ten indoor rinks were built at Neptune Magnet Mall, Atria Millennium Mall, and Lulu Mall respectively. Four skating has mostly disappeared, while synchronized skating, singles/pair skating and ice dance have grown.
Beginning in the 2010–11 season, the compulsory and original dances were merged into the short dance, which itself was renamed the rhythm dance in June 2018, before the 2018–19 season. ===6.0 System=== Skating was formerly judged for "technical merit" (in the free skate), "required elements" (in the short program), and "presentation" (in both programs).
This average value is then added to (or subtracted from) the base value to determine the total value for the element. Note: The IJS previously used a GOE scale of −3 to +3 but this was changed for the 2018–19 season and is in the early stages of being tested in competitions. The program components score (PCS) awards points to holistic aspects of a program or other nuances that are not rewarded in the total element score.
In 2020/2021 many athletes relied on a variety of off-ice training and conditioning methods due to rinks being closed due to COVID 19. == Ice rinks and rink equipment == There is significant variation in the dimensions of ice rinks.
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