Photographic film and film stock tend to be similar in composition and speed, but often not in other parameters such as frame size and length. ==History== ===1888–1899: Before standardization=== Early motion picture experiments in the 1880s were performed using a fragile paper roll film, with which it was difficult to view a single, continuously moving image without a complex apparatus.
Eastman Kodak made celluloid film commercially available in 1889; Thomas Henry Blair, in 1891, was his first competitor.
Louis Lumière worked with Victor Planchon to adapt the Lumière "Blue Label" (Etiquette Bleue) photographic plate emulsion for use on celluloid roll film, which began in early 1896. Eastman's first motion picture film stock was offered in 1889.
Retrieved 2009-06-29. Audiovisual introductions in 1889 Film and video technology Storage media
Eastman Kodak made celluloid film commercially available in 1889; Thomas Henry Blair, in 1891, was his first competitor.
By November 1891 William Dickson, at Edison's laboratory, was using Blair's stock for Kinetoscope experiments.
Between 1892 and 1893, Eastman experienced problems with production.
Between 1892 and 1893, Eastman experienced problems with production.
Because of patent lawsuits in 1893, Blair left his American company and established another in Britain.
From 1895, Eastman supplied their motion picture roll film in rolls of 65 feet, while Blair's rolls were 75 feet.
By 1896, the new movie projector required a fully transparent film base that Blair's American operation could not supply.
Louis Lumière worked with Victor Planchon to adapt the Lumière "Blue Label" (Etiquette Bleue) photographic plate emulsion for use on celluloid roll film, which began in early 1896. Eastman's first motion picture film stock was offered in 1889.
American Mutoscope and Biograph was the first known company to use such film for the Jeffries-Sharkey fight on November 3, 1899. ===1900–1919: Toward the standard picture film=== As the quantity of film and filmmakers grew, the demand for standardization increased.
Between 1900 and 1910, film formats gradually became standardized and film stocks improved.
Blair sold his English company to Pathé in 1907 and retired to the US.
In 1908, the perforators began to be made by Bell and Howell.
As similar panchromatic film stocks were also manufactured by Agfa and Pathé, making the shift to panchromatic stocks largely complete by 1928, Kodak discontinued orthochromatic stock in 1930. ===Colour films=== Experiments with colour films were made as early as the late 19th century, but practical colour film was not commercially viable until 1908, and for amateur use when Kodak introduced Kodachrome for 16 mm in 1935 and 8 mm in 1936.
In 1909, Edison's organization of the Motion Picture Patents Trust agreed to what would become the standard: 35 mm gauge, with Edison perforations and a 1.33 aspect ratio. Agfa began to produce motion picture film in 1913, but remained a largely local supplier until World War I boycotts of popular French, American and Italian film stocks allowed the UFA film studio to flourish, boosting Agfa's orders.
Kodak developed a heat-resistant 'safety base' for home projection. In 1909, tests showed cellulose diacetate to be a viable replacement base, and Kodak began selling acetate-base films the following year in 22 mm widths for Edison's work on the Home Kinetoscope, which was commercially released in 1912.
Eastman Kodak introduced a non-flammable 35 mm film stock in 1909.
Between 1900 and 1910, film formats gradually became standardized and film stocks improved.
Pathé began to supplement its operation in 1910 by purchasing film prints, stripping the emulsion from the film base and re-coating it.
In 1911 the major American film studios returned to using nitrate stock.
Kodak developed a heat-resistant 'safety base' for home projection. In 1909, tests showed cellulose diacetate to be a viable replacement base, and Kodak began selling acetate-base films the following year in 22 mm widths for Edison's work on the Home Kinetoscope, which was commercially released in 1912.
In 1909, Edison's organization of the Motion Picture Patents Trust agreed to what would become the standard: 35 mm gauge, with Edison perforations and a 1.33 aspect ratio. Agfa began to produce motion picture film in 1913, but remained a largely local supplier until World War I boycotts of popular French, American and Italian film stocks allowed the UFA film studio to flourish, boosting Agfa's orders.
Created in 1913 for use in early color film processes such as Kinemacolor, panchromatic was first used in a black-and-white film for exterior sequences in Queen of the Sea (1918) and originally available as a special order product.
An Evening's Entertainment: The Age of the Silent Feature Picture, 1915–1928, University of California Press.
By 1916, separate "Cine Type" films were offered.
Kodak released Cine Negative Film Type E in 1916 and Type F (later known as Negative Film Par Speed Type 1201) in 1917.
Kodak released Cine Negative Film Type E in 1916 and Type F (later known as Negative Film Par Speed Type 1201) in 1917.
In 1920, a variant of Type F film known as X-back was introduced to counteract the effects of static electricity on the film, which can cause sparking and create odd exposure patterns on the film.
Other manufacturers were established in the 1920s, including American E.I.
Kodak financed a feature in 1922, shot entirely with panchromatic stock, The Headless Horseman, to promote the film when Kodak introduced it as a standard option.
Dupont de Nemours in 1926 and Belgian Gevaert in 1925.
In 1925, Gevaert introduced an orthochromatic stock with limited color sensitivity and a fully panchromatic stock, Pan-23.
Dupont de Nemours in 1926 and Belgian Gevaert in 1925.
In 1926, Kodak lowered the price of panchromatic stock to parity with its orthochromatic offering and the panchromatic stock began to overtake the orthochromatic stock's market share within a few years.
As similar panchromatic film stocks were also manufactured by Agfa and Pathé, making the shift to panchromatic stocks largely complete by 1928, Kodak discontinued orthochromatic stock in 1930. ===Colour films=== Experiments with colour films were made as early as the late 19th century, but practical colour film was not commercially viable until 1908, and for amateur use when Kodak introduced Kodachrome for 16 mm in 1935 and 8 mm in 1936.
As similar panchromatic film stocks were also manufactured by Agfa and Pathé, making the shift to panchromatic stocks largely complete by 1928, Kodak discontinued orthochromatic stock in 1930. ===Colour films=== Experiments with colour films were made as early as the late 19th century, but practical colour film was not commercially viable until 1908, and for amateur use when Kodak introduced Kodachrome for 16 mm in 1935 and 8 mm in 1936.
In the 1930s, film manufacturers introduced "safety film" with a cellulose triacetate plastic base.
As similar panchromatic film stocks were also manufactured by Agfa and Pathé, making the shift to panchromatic stocks largely complete by 1928, Kodak discontinued orthochromatic stock in 1930. ===Colour films=== Experiments with colour films were made as early as the late 19th century, but practical colour film was not commercially viable until 1908, and for amateur use when Kodak introduced Kodachrome for 16 mm in 1935 and 8 mm in 1936.
As similar panchromatic film stocks were also manufactured by Agfa and Pathé, making the shift to panchromatic stocks largely complete by 1928, Kodak discontinued orthochromatic stock in 1930. ===Colour films=== Experiments with colour films were made as early as the late 19th century, but practical colour film was not commercially viable until 1908, and for amateur use when Kodak introduced Kodachrome for 16 mm in 1935 and 8 mm in 1936.
Technicolor introduced a colour reversal stock, called Monopack, for location shooting in 1941; it was ultimately a 35 mm version of Kodachrome that could be used in standard motion picture cameras. Eastman Kodak introduced their first 35mm colour negative stock, Eastman Colour Negative film 5247, in 1950.
Technicolor introduced a colour reversal stock, called Monopack, for location shooting in 1941; it was ultimately a 35 mm version of Kodachrome that could be used in standard motion picture cameras. Eastman Kodak introduced their first 35mm colour negative stock, Eastman Colour Negative film 5247, in 1950.
Kodak discontinued the manufacture of nitrate base in 1951, and the industry transitioned entirely to safety film in 1951 in the United States and by 1955 internationally.
Kodak discontinued the manufacture of nitrate base in 1951, and the industry transitioned entirely to safety film in 1951 in the United States and by 1955 internationally.
Since the late 1990s, almost all release prints have used polyester film stock. ===Emulsion=== The emulsion consists of silver halide grains suspended in a gelatin colloid; in the case of color film, there are three layers of silver halide, which are mixed with color couplers and interlayers that filter specific light spectra.
New York: Penguin Group, 1999. Fujifilm UK.
Depending on the manufacturing processes and camera equipment, lengths can vary anywhere from 25 to 2000 feet.
A Brief History of Fujifilm, 2001.
Motion Picture Chronology, 2001.
Chronology of Motion Picture Films, 2005.
Retrieved 2007-07-09. Fujifilm USA.
Retrieved 2007-07-09. Kodak.
Retrieved 2009-06-29. Audiovisual introductions in 1889 Film and video technology Storage media
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