There have been attempts to unite the countries but since 1940, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and his Muslim League had demanded an independent Pakistan, whose Muslims would have their own government rather than remaining subordinate to India's Hindu majority.
Pakistan is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), is named by the US as a major non-NATO ally in the war against terrorism and is one of founding members of IMCTC. ==International recognition of Pakistan== After Pakistan gained its independence in August 1947, the Commonwealth were the first countries to recognize its sovereign status.
The United States was the first non-Muslim country to recognize Pakistan and France was the first country where Pakistan's flag was raised. ==Foreign policy of Pakistan== Pakistan's Foreign Policy seeks to protect, promote and advance Pakistan's national interests in the comity of nations” M A Jinnah's Vision On 15 August 1947, outlining the foreign policy of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam observed: "Our objective should be peace within and peace without.
During most of 1947–1991, the USSR support was given to Republic of India, over which it has fought three wars on Kashmir conflict.
Since the advent of the 21st century, Pakistan and China have strengthened their relations through bilateral trade, military agreements and supporting each other on key issues. ===Pakistan–United States relations=== The United States has played an important role in the young history of Pakistan, being one of the first countries to recognize their independence on 14 August 1947.
In 2004, Pakistan became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States. Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth from 1947 to 1956 under the name 'Dominion of Pakistan'.
In 1989, Pakistan regained its status as a Commonwealth republic, which remains the case, despite Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008. ===Major dissensions=== Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour India over regional issues.
Pakistan's Foreign Policy, 1947-2012: A Concise History (3rd ed.
Tensions between Iran and Pakistan intensified in 1998, when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes as Pakistani warplanes bombarded Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban. ===Major alliances=== In 1949 after gaining independence from the United Kingdom, Pakistan still had close ties with the country.
The Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan also paid a historical and friendly state visit to the United States, and held meetings with President Harry Truman and the American military officials for the purpose of the military aid in 1951.
In 1954–56, the United States and Pakistan signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement which saw the dispatching of the Military Assistance Advisory Group to provide military training to the Pakistan Armed Forces in 1955–56. In 1955, Pakistan joined the CENTO and the SEATO alliances.
In 1954–56, the United States and Pakistan signed the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement which saw the dispatching of the Military Assistance Advisory Group to provide military training to the Pakistan Armed Forces in 1955–56. In 1955, Pakistan joined the CENTO and the SEATO alliances.
Also, in 1956, when Pakistan declared itself a republic, it continued as a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
In 2004, Pakistan became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States. Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth from 1947 to 1956 under the name 'Dominion of Pakistan'.
From 1956 to 1972, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was a Commonwealth republic, when it was withdrawn in protest at the Commonwealth's support of East Pakistan's secession and Bangladesh's independence.
During the 1960s, Pakistan's relations with and neighbouring Afghanistan have also been extremely difficult due to the latter's contest over the Durand Line.
In the 1960s, the problems over the Durand Line escalated with Afghanistan which led to open hostilities in the 1970s.
In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbours of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism.
In the 1960s, the problems over the Durand Line escalated with Afghanistan which led to open hostilities in the 1970s.
In 1971, Pakistan withdrew itself from the two alliances in a vision of exercising an independent foreign policy.
From 1956 to 1972, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was a Commonwealth republic, when it was withdrawn in protest at the Commonwealth's support of East Pakistan's secession and Bangladesh's independence.
In 1974, Pakistan became a critical entity in the militarization of the OIC and has historically maintained friendly relations with all the Arab and Muslim countries under the banner of OIC.
RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985.
Pakistan rejoined the Commonwealth in 1989.
In 1989, Pakistan regained its status as a Commonwealth republic, which remains the case, despite Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008. ===Major dissensions=== Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour India over regional issues.
Iran and Saudi Arabia used Pakistan as a battleground for their proxy sectarian war and by the 1990s, Pakistan's support for the Sunni Taliban organization in Afghanistan became a problem for Shia Iran which opposed a Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.
Tensions between Iran and Pakistan intensified in 1998, when Iran accused Pakistan of war crimes as Pakistani warplanes bombarded Afghanistan's last Shia stronghold in support of the Taliban. ===Major alliances=== In 1949 after gaining independence from the United Kingdom, Pakistan still had close ties with the country.
In 1989, Pakistan regained its status as a Commonwealth republic, which remains the case, despite Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008. ===Major dissensions=== Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour India over regional issues.
Aid would be given to Pakistan for the first time again in 2002, and the 2000s saw an extension of this friendly relationship. As the War on Terror continued to linger, the United States and Pakistan would disagree on strategies while also accusing each other of various things.
Aid would be given to Pakistan for the first time again in 2002, and the 2000s saw an extension of this friendly relationship. As the War on Terror continued to linger, the United States and Pakistan would disagree on strategies while also accusing each other of various things.
In 2004, Pakistan became a Major non-NATO ally of the United States. Pakistan was a member of the Commonwealth from 1947 to 1956 under the name 'Dominion of Pakistan'.
In 1989, Pakistan regained its status as a Commonwealth republic, which remains the case, despite Pakistan's suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations between 1999 and 2008. ===Major dissensions=== Since 1947, Pakistan's relations have been difficult with neighbour India over regional issues.
online 2nd 2009 edition Siddiqi, Shibil.
Explaining Pakistan’s foreign policy: escaping India (Routledge, 2011). Sattar, Abdul.
Following the general election held on May 2013, Tariq Fatimi and NSA Sartaj Aziz were designated as advisers to the Prime Minister on foreign and strategic policies.
(Oxford UP, 2014). Hussain, Nazir.
2016); bibliography pp 89=98.
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