In practice his wife Elisabeth Farnese ruled Spain from 1714 until 1746, and was more interested in Italy than Spain.
He abdicated in 1759 to return to Madrid as King Charles III of Spain. ===American Revolutionary War: 1775-1783=== Eager to gain revenge on the British for its defeat during the Seven Years' War, France offered support to rebel American colonists seeking independence from Britain during the American War of Independence and in 1778 entered the war on their side.
He abdicated in 1759 to return to Madrid as King Charles III of Spain. ===American Revolutionary War: 1775-1783=== Eager to gain revenge on the British for its defeat during the Seven Years' War, France offered support to rebel American colonists seeking independence from Britain during the American War of Independence and in 1778 entered the war on their side.
He abdicated in 1759 to return to Madrid as King Charles III of Spain. ===American Revolutionary War: 1775-1783=== Eager to gain revenge on the British for its defeat during the Seven Years' War, France offered support to rebel American colonists seeking independence from Britain during the American War of Independence and in 1778 entered the war on their side.
In 1779 Spain joined the war, hoping to take advantage of a substantially weakened Britain.
They were easy winners against weak British garrisons, and were planning an expedition against Jamaica when peace was declared in 1783. Spain's highest priority was to recapture Gibraltar from Britain using the Great Siege of Gibraltar.
Spain in the Nineteenth-Century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1789-1898 (1994) Cortada, James W.
Olivenza/Olivença was under continuous Portuguese sovereignty since 1297 until it was occupied by the Spanish in 1801 and formally ceded by Portugal later that year by the Treaty of Badajoz.
Modern British Foreign Policy: The Nineteenth Century 1814–80 (1975) pp. 133–54. Kamen, Henry.
Portugal continues to claim Olivenza/Olivença, asserting that under the Vienna Treaty of 1815, Spain recognized the Portuguese claims as "legitimate".
The remainder fell to the United States in 1898.
Spain in the Twentieth-Century World: Essays on Spanish Diplomacy, 1898-1978 (1980) online Cortada, James W.
The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New (4 vols, 1918) online free vol 1-2-4 Mowat, R.
The Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 became a proxy war between the axis powers Germany and Italy and the Soviet Union (which lost).
The Franco Regime, 1936-1975 (1987) Payne, Stanley G.
World leaders isolated General Franco, the ruler 1939–1975.
Franco-Spanish bilateral cooperation has been enhanced by joint action against recurring violence by separatist Basque group ETA since the 1960s.
A History of Spain and Portugal (2 vol 1973) Petrie, Charles.
Democracy and a degree of normalcy followed 1975.
A Bibliographic Guide to Spanish Diplomatic History, 1460-1977 (Greenwood Press, 1977) 390 pages Dadson, Trevor J.
The accession of Spain and Portugal to the EU in 1986 has helped ease some of their periodic trade frictions by putting these into an EU context.
Eight Years as Prime Minister: A Personal Vision of Spain 1996-2004 (Barcelona: Planeta, 2005). Chari, Raj S., and Paul M.
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's victory in the 2004 general elections changed this setting.
Spain and the European Union (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004). Esteban, Mario.
“Spain Changes Course: Aznar’s Legacy, Zapatero’s Prospects.” World Policy Journal (Summer 2004): 8-26. ===Historical=== Black, Jeremy.
Eight Years as Prime Minister: A Personal Vision of Spain 1996-2004 (Barcelona: Planeta, 2005). Chari, Raj S., and Paul M.
However, due to a notable public incident in 2007, Venezuelan-Spanish ties were briefly suspended, though were later re-established. === Sub-Saharan Africa === Spain has gradually begun to broaden its contacts with Sub-Saharan Africa.
"Institutions, European Integration, and the Policy Process in Contemporary Spain." in Democracy and Institutional Development (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2008) pp. 178–202. Closa, Carlos, and Paul M.
"Spain’s Relations with China: Friends but not Partners." Chinese Political Science Review 1.2 (2016): 373-386 online. Garcia Cantalapiedra, David, and Ramon Pacheco Pardo, Contemporary Spanish Foreign Policy (Routledge, 2014).
The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia'' (2 vol ABC-CLIO, 2016).
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