“Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012). Howard, Harry N.
“Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012). Hartmann, Hans Walter.
Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million in 1998 to US$5.08 billion in 2015. Dating back to 1800, Turkey’s relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.
Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015). === Foreign Relations (1923–1945) === "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923-1968)" (Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923-1968).
Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million in 1998 to US$5.08 billion in 2015. Dating back to 1800, Turkey’s relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.
Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million in 1998 to US$5.08 billion in 2015. Dating back to 1800, Turkey’s relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.
The Partition of Turkey: A Diplomatic History, 1913-1923.
Turkish Foreign Policy, 1918-1948.
The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons to and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence but Turkey's followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's Reforms in 1920s and 1930s.
International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, though the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936. In the late 1930s Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure.
Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015). === Foreign Relations (1923–1945) === "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923-1968)" (Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923-1968).
"Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923-1938." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1961, pp. 103–42. Ataöv, Türkkaya.
The Soviet Union played a major role in supplying weapons to and financing Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's faction during the Turkish War of Independence but Turkey's followed a course of relative international isolation during the period of Atatürk's Reforms in 1920s and 1930s.
International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, though the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936. In the late 1930s Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure.
"Ten Years of the Turkish Republic." Foreign Affairs, October 1933, pp. 141–55. Sousa, Nasim.
International conferences gave Turkey full control of the strategic straits linking the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, though the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 and the Montreux Convention of 1936. In the late 1930s Nazi Germany made a major effort to promote anti-Soviet propaganda in Turkey and exerted economic pressure.
The Great Power Rivalry at the Turkish Straits: The Montreux Conference and the Convention of 1936.
"The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Black Sea Straits." Survey of International Affairs, 1936.
London: Oxford University Press, 1937. Sadak, Necmeddin.
Britain and France, eager to outmaneuver Germany, negotiated a tripartite treaty in 1939.
Turkish Foreign Policy, 1939-1945.
New York: Macmillan, 1940. Yanik, Lerna.
It was clear by 1944 that Germany would be defeated and the chrome sales to Germany stopped. ===After 1945=== After World War II Turkey sought closer relations with Western powers.
It was clear by 1944 that Germany would be defeated and the chrome sales to Germany stopped. ===After 1945=== After World War II Turkey sought closer relations with Western powers.
It became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, a recipient of Marshall Plan aid and a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952.
New York: New York University Press, 1991. === Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits === "The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp. 727–47. Bayazit, Vural.
"The Straits: Crux of World Politics." Foreign Affairs, January 1947, pp. 290–302. Fernau, Friedrich-Wilhelm.
"The United States and the Question of the Turkish Straits." Middle East journal, January 1947, pp. 59–72. Hurewitz, J.
Moscow: Yurid, izd-vo, 1948. Edmonds, Martin, and John Skitt.
"Turkey Faces the Soviets." Foreign Affairs, April 1949, pp. 449–61. Shotwell, James T., and Francis Deak.
Ambilly Annemasse: Imprimerie Franco-Suisse, 1950. ===Foreign Relations (1945–2002)=== Abramowitz, Morton.
It became a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, a recipient of Marshall Plan aid and a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1952.
Customs Union agreement in 1995. Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran.
"Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617–30. Oguzlu, Tarik, “Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?” Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011). Pierini, Marc, “Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019. Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, “A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014). Reuther, Helmut (ed.).
Deutschlands Aussenpolitik seit 1955.
Greek-Turkish Relations since 1955.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1957. Vere-Hodge, Edward Reginald.
"The Greco-Turkish Feud Revived." Foreign Affairs, January 1959, pp. 306–16. Psomiades, Harry J.
"La Turquie de 1960 et la stratégie globale." Revue de Defense Nationale, 17 (1961), pp. 222–36. Dodd, Clement H., ed.
"Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923-1938." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1961, pp. 103–42. Ataöv, Türkkaya.
Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963.
New York: Harper & Row, 1963.
(eds.), Turkey’s Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009). ===Greece–Turkey relations=== "Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp. 713–26. Bahcheli, Tozun.
Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1964. Imhoff, Christoph von.
"La politique étrangère de la Turquie." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1964, pp. 1–12. Black, Joseph E., and Kenneth W.
With a contribution by Franz von Cancig, "Die Türkei, Griechenland und die deutsche Aussenpolitik." Stuttgart-Degerloch: Seewald Verlag, 1965. Steinbach, Udo.
"Die türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1965, pp. 337–48. Erkin, Feridun Cerna!.
"Turkish Treaties in Global Perspective." Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp.
"Turkey and the United States: A New Alliance." The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, 1965, pp. 1–15. Aybet, Gülnur.
Ankara: Publication of the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Ankara, 1965. Hale, William.
New York: Ferig, 1966. Kohn, Hans.
Wendepunkte in den türkisch-sowjetischen Beziehungen." Europa-Archiv, September 1967, pp. 613–20. Howard, Harry N.
Salonika (Greece): Institute for Balkan Studies, 1968. Qicek, Kemal.
Ankara: Banur Matbaas1, 1968. Esmer, Ahmed Şükrü.
Br.: Rombach, 1968. Rohn, Peter H.
Brill, 1968. Kubilay Yado Arin.
"Current Soviet Maritime Strategy and NATO." International Affairs, January 1969, pp. 28–43. Eren, Nuri.
Brill, 1975). Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001). Robins, Philip, “Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan,” Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997). Rouleau, Eric.
The US State Department was asked for its cooperation in this effort in order to maintain good relations with Turkey. Around 1980, US presidential aide Stuart E.
(East European Monographs.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981. Dranov, B.
Hamden, Connecticut: Archon Books, 1981. Robins, Philip.
Eizenstat was approached by Turkish ambassador Şükrü Elekdağ who told him that "Turkey could no longer guarantee the safety of the Jews in Turkey" if there was any mention of the Armenian genocide in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. In 1982, the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide in Tel Aviv included presentations on the Armenian Genocide.
New York: Praeger, 1983. Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010). Ertekün, Necati M.
New York: Praeger, 1983. Yilmaz, Şuhnaz.
Nicosia, Northern Cyprus: Rustem, 1984. International Crisis Group, “Reunifying Cyprus: The Best Chance Yet,” Europe Report No.
27, published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs.) London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985. Cakir, A.E.
(eds.), NATO and the Mediterranean (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1985). McGhee, George C.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Goffman, Daniel.
Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1988. Couloumbis, Theodore A.
Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990. International Crisis Group, “Turkey and Europe: The Way Ahead,” Europe Report No.
Istanbul: Ucer, 1990. Tocci, Nathalie, “New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations,” Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000).
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990. Balci, Ali, “Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP,” Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012). Brus, Marcel et al., “A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots,” TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No.
"Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558-1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990–91, pp. 83–103. Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008).
2, Spring 1991, pp. 34–48. Kuniholm, Bruce R., “Turkey and NATO,” in Kaplan, L., Clawson, R.
London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1991. Sayari, Sabri.
New York: New York University Press, 1991. === Russia–Turkey relations and the Turkish Straits === "The Turkish Straits in the Light of Recent Turkish-Soviet Russian Correspondence." American Journal of International Law, October 1947, pp. 727–47. Bayazit, Vural.
"Allies or Partners An Appraisal of Turkey's Ties to Russia 1991-2007", East European Quarterly 41#3 (2007), pp. 349– 370. ===Turkey–Turkic world relations=== Contessi, Nicola P.
Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U.
In 1992, Turkey and 10 other regional nations formed the BSEC to expand regional trade and economic cooperation.
New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1992. Turkeş, Alpaslan.
Princeton: Darwin Press and Washington: Institute of Turkish Studies, 1992. Robins, Philip.
1, Winter 1992, pp. 9–21. Shaw, Stanford.
Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1992. Hale, William.
(A Rand Study.) Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1993. Gocek, Fatma Muge.
1, 1993. Sozen, Ahmet, “The Cyprus Challenge in Turkey–EU Relations: Heading Towards the Defining Moment?” in Cengiz, F.
4, June 1993, pp. 9–32. Brummett, Palmira.
New York: New York University Press, 1993. Karpat, Kemal H., “Turkish and Arab-Israeli Relations,” in Karpat, K.
4, Autumn 1993, pp. 593–610. === Turkey–United States relations === Armaoglu, Fahir H.
91, 1993, pp. 164–81. Balci, Ali and Mis, Nebi, “Turkey’s Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?” Turkish Studies, 9.3 (September 2008). Batu, Hamit.
5, November–December 1993, pp. 110–26. ===Foreign Relations (2002–present)=== Duran, Burhanettin, “JDP and Foreign Policy as an Agent of Transformation,” in Yavuz, H.M.
London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994. Aydin-Duzgit, Senem and Keyman, Fuat, “EU–Turkey Relations and the Stagnation of Turkish Democracy,” IAI/IPC, Global Turkey in Europe, Working Paper 2 (2012). Barchard, David.
Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994. Burton, J.A.
"Black Sea and Mediterranean Challenges for the Turkish Navy," NATO's Sixteen Nations [Brussels], 39, January 1994, pp. 67–69. DeLuca, Anthony R.
London: Royal United Services Institute for Defence Studies, 1994. Barkey, Henri.
Customs Union agreement in 1995. Turkey entered NATO in 1952 and serves as the organization's vital eastern anchor, controlling the Turkish Straits which lead from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean and sharing a border with Syria, Iraq, and Iran.
A NATO headquarters is located in İzmir, and the United States has maintained air forces at the Incirlik Air Base in the province of Adana. Turkey is also a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995.
Brill, 1975). Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001). Robins, Philip, “Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan,” Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997). Rouleau, Eric.
Turkey formerly had diplomatic relations with Cyprus, Taiwan and Syria. ===Africa=== There has been a revival in Turkey's relation with Africa after 1998 and civil society is the leading factor in this process.
Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million in 1998 to US$5.08 billion in 2015. Dating back to 1800, Turkey’s relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.
Zurich: Leemann & Co., 1999. Karpat, Kemal H.
184 (17 August 2007). Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000). Kubicek, Paul, “Turkey’s Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward,” Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008). Kuniholm, Bruce R.
Istanbul: Ucer, 1990. Tocci, Nathalie, “New Doubts and Uncertainties in Turkey–EU Relations,” Paper, Centre for European Policy Studies (October 2000).
An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001). Pipinelis, Panayotis.
Brill, 1975). Kirisci, Kemal and Rubin, Barry (eds.), Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power (London: Lynne Rienner, 2001). Robins, Philip, “Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan,” Survival, 39.2 (Summer 1997). Rouleau, Eric.
Initially this revival came as a passive attempt, but after 2005 it became an offensive interest in developing relations with the continent.
Turkey is a member state of the Council of Europe (1949) and NATO (1952) as well as being in full accession negotiations with the European Union since 2005, having been an associate member since 1963.
171 (8 March 2006). Migdalovitz, Carol, “Cyprus: Status of U.N.
(ed.), The Emergence of a New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006). Dursun-Özkanca, Ova.
184 (17 August 2007). Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000). Kubicek, Paul, “Turkey’s Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward,” Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008). Kuniholm, Bruce R.
Negotiations and Related Issues,” CRS Report (Washington, DC, 20 July 2007). Ozcan, Gencer, “The Military and the Making of Foreign Policy in Turkey,” in Kirisci, K.
The recent Turkey-Africa Cooperation Summit in 2008 marks the latest stage in Turkey's keen interest in developing relations with Africa, and should be seen as a turning point.
Turkey since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent. ==== Northern Africa ==== ==== Sub–Saharan Africa ==== Since 2008, Turkey has prioritized friendly relations with Africa partly to build friendly and conflict–free relations, which was not available in the hostile atmosphere in its neighborhood.
184 (17 August 2007). Kramer, Heinz, A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the US (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000). Kubicek, Paul, “Turkey’s Inclusion in the Atlantic Community: Looking Back, Looking Forward,” Turkish Studies, 9.1 (March 2008). Kuniholm, Bruce R.
7 (Istanbul, June 2008). Couloumbis, Theodore A.
194 (23 June 2008). International Crisis Group, “The Cyprus Stalemate: What Next?” Europe Report No.
"Relations Between the Khanate of Bukhara and Ottoman Turkey, 1558-1702," International Journal of Turkish Studies, 5, 1990–91, pp. 83–103. Fuller, Graham, The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008).
91, 1993, pp. 164–81. Balci, Ali and Mis, Nebi, “Turkey’s Role in the Alliance of Civilizations: A New Perspective in Turkish Foreign Policy?” Turkish Studies, 9.3 (September 2008). Batu, Hamit.
(eds.), Turkey’s Road to European Union Membership: National Identity and Political Change (London: Routledge, 2009). ===Greece–Turkey relations=== "Der Zypern-Konflikt, eine Bewahrungsprobe westlicher Friedensordnung." Europa-Archiv, 1964, pp. 713–26. Bahcheli, Tozun.
(ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011). Dixon, Jeffrey C., “Turkey, Islam and the EU,” Contexts, 8.4 (2009). Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010). Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, “Fading Attraction: Turkey’s Shifting Relationship with the European Union,” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013). Fuller, Graham E.
"Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617–30. Oguzlu, Tarik, “Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?” Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011). Pierini, Marc, “Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019. Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, “A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014). Reuther, Helmut (ed.).
New York: Praeger, 1983. Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010). Ertekün, Necati M.
203 (7 April 2010). Jennings, Ronald C.
Turkey since its involvement in Somalia in 2011, is eager to be considered as a political actor in the continent. ==== Northern Africa ==== ==== Sub–Saharan Africa ==== Since 2008, Turkey has prioritized friendly relations with Africa partly to build friendly and conflict–free relations, which was not available in the hostile atmosphere in its neighborhood.
Turkey was also an associate member of the Western European Union from 1992 to 2011, and signed the E.U.
(ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011). Dixon, Jeffrey C., “Turkey, Islam and the EU,” Contexts, 8.4 (2009). Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010). Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, “Fading Attraction: Turkey’s Shifting Relationship with the European Union,” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013). Fuller, Graham E.
Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1990. Balci, Ali, “Foreign Policy as Politicking in the Sarikiz Coup Plot: Cyprus Between the Coup Plotters and the JDP,” Middle East Critique, 21.2 (Summer 2012). Brus, Marcel et al., “A Promise to Keep: Time to End the International Isolation of the Turkish Cypriots,” TESEV, Foreign Policy Analysis Series, No.
“Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012). Howard, Harry N.
“Turkish foreign policy since 1774” (Routledge, 2012). Hartmann, Hans Walter.
(ed.), Fifty Years of EU–Turkey Relations (Oxon: Routledge, 2011). Dixon, Jeffrey C., “Turkey, Islam and the EU,” Contexts, 8.4 (2009). Engert, Stefan, EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus (New York: Routledge, 2010). Esfahani, Hadi Salehi and Ceviker-Gurakar, Esra, “Fading Attraction: Turkey’s Shifting Relationship with the European Union,” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 53.4 (November 2013). Fuller, Graham E.
The AKP's Foreign Policy, Turkey's Reorientation from the West to the East? (Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2013). Landau, Jacob M.
"Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617–30. Oguzlu, Tarik, “Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?” Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011). Pierini, Marc, “Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019. Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, “A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014). Reuther, Helmut (ed.).
(eds.), Turkey and the European Union: Facing New Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2014). Stearns, Monteagle.
Capitalizing on a strong sentiment of fellowship among Turkish people towards Africans, economic and diplomatic relations with Africa flourished: Foreign trade between sub-Saharan Africa and Turkey increased from US$581 million in 1998 to US$5.08 billion in 2015. Dating back to 1800, Turkey’s relations with sub-Saharan Africa flourished from the 1860s—when the Ottoman Empire started sending trained imams to the region—until 1885 when other European colonial powers blocked Ottoman influence.
Turkish-American Relations, 1800–1952: Between the Stars, Stripes and the Crescent (Routledge, 2015). === Foreign Relations (1923–1945) === "Türk Dış Politikasına Yon Veren Etkenler (1923-1968)" (Controlling Factors of Turkish Foreign Policy, 1923-1968).
In 2017, ASEAN-Turkey Sectoral Dialogue Partnership was recognized by the 50th ASEAN Foreign Ministers' Meeting in Manila, Philippines. ==See also== Turkish Modern Relations List of diplomatic missions in Turkey List of diplomatic missions of Turkey Turkey's membership of international organizations Visa requirements for Turkish citizens ==References== == Further reading == ===European Union–Turkey relations=== Aybet, Gülnur.
"Turkey Joins the West." Foreign Affairs, July 1954, pp. 617–30. Oguzlu, Tarik, “Turkey and Europeanization of Foreign Policy?” Political Science Quarterly, 125.4 (Winter 2010/2011). Pierini, Marc, “Options for the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe, 3 May 2019. Pierini, Marc and Ulgen, Sinan, “A Moment of Opportunity in the EU–Turkey Relationship,” Carnegie Europe (Brussels, December 2014). Reuther, Helmut (ed.).
Geopolitics and Foreign Policy in a Changing World Order, (Routledge, 2019), pp. 93–110. Gokalp, Ziya.
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