Turkmenistan's declaration of "permanent neutrality" was formally recognized by the United Nations in 1995.
Russia ceased buying gas from Turkmenistan in 2016, but resumed small purchases of pipeline gas in 2019.
Turkmenistan unilaterally cut off exports of pipeline natural gas to Iran in 2017 over a payment arrears dispute.
The Government of Turkmenistan often appears to use the conflicting interests of these regional powers as a means to extract concessions, especially on energy issues. ==International disputes== Signing of the Caspian Sea convention in 2018 brought only partial resolution of boundary disputes in the Caspian.
Russia ceased buying gas from Turkmenistan in 2016, but resumed small purchases of pipeline gas in 2019.
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