The Ottomans set up defensive fortifications along the peninsula and contained the invading forces. In early 1915, attempting to seize a strategic advantage in World War I by capturing Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), the British authorised an attack on the peninsula by French, British and British Empire forces.
The first Australian troops landed at ANZAC Cove early in the morning of 25 April 1915.
The struggle formed the basis for the Turkish War of Independence and the founding of the Republic of Turkey eight years later under President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. The Ottoman Empire instituted the Gallipoli Star as a military decoration in 1915 and awarded it throughout the rest of World War I. The campaign was the first major military action of Australia and New Zealand (or Anzacs) as independent dominions.
A testimony of a deportee described how the deportees were forced onto crowded steamers, standing-room only; how, on disembarking, men of military age were removed (for forced labour in the labour battalions of the Ottoman army) and how the rest were "scattered… among the farms like ownerless cattle". The Metropolitan of Gallipoli wrote on 17 July 1915 that the extermination of the Christian refugees was methodical.
After eight months of heavy fighting the last Allied soldiers withdrew by 9 January 1916. The campaign, one of the greatest Ottoman victories during the war, is considered by historians as a major Allied failure.
After the Armistice of Mudros of 30 October 1918 it became a Greek prefecture centre as "Kallipolis".
In some cases, Muhacirs appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants deported and stoned the houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they didn't leave. ====Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)==== Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22, considered part of the Turkish War of Independence.
In some cases, Muhacirs appeared in the villages even before the Greek inhabitants deported and stoned the houses and threatened the inhabitants that they would kill them if they didn't leave. ====Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)==== Greek troops occupied Gallipoli on 4 August 1920 during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22, considered part of the Turkish War of Independence.
Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922. In 1920, after the defeat of the Russian White army of General Pyotr Wrangel, a significant number of émigré soldiers and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the Crimean Peninsula.
However, Greece was forced to withdraw from Eastern Thrace after the Armistice of Mudanya of October 1922.
Gallipoli was briefly handed over to British troops on 20 October 1922, but finally returned to Turkish rule on 26 November 1922. In 1920, after the defeat of the Russian White army of General Pyotr Wrangel, a significant number of émigré soldiers and their families evacuated to Gallipoli from the Crimean Peninsula.
From there, many went to European countries, such as Yugoslavia, where they found refuge. There are now many cemeteries and war memorials on the Gallipoli peninsula. ===Turkish Republic=== Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, Eceabat, Keşan and Şarköy.
From there, many went to European countries, such as Yugoslavia, where they found refuge. There are now many cemeteries and war memorials on the Gallipoli peninsula. ===Turkish Republic=== Between 1923 and 1926 Gallipoli became the centre of Gelibolu Province, comprising the districts of Gelibolu, Eceabat, Keşan and Şarköy.
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