Genetically modified maize

1938

These proteins have been used as organic sprays for insect control in France since 1938 and the USA since 1958 with no ill effects on the environment reported.

1958

These proteins have been used as organic sprays for insect control in France since 1938 and the USA since 1958 with no ill effects on the environment reported.

1976

Data from 1976-1996 (before Bt corn was widespread) was compared to data after it was adopted (1996-2016).

1992

Between 1992 and 2016, the amount of insecticide applied to New Jersey pepper fields decreased by 85 percent.

1996

One strain, called Starlink, was approved only for animal feed in the US but was found in food, leading to a series of recalls starting in 2000. == Marketed products == === Herbicide-resistant maize === Corn varieties resistant to glyphosate herbicides were first commercialized in 1996 by Monsanto, and are known as "Roundup Ready Corn".

A study of these reports found that from 2003 to 2005 farmer compliance with keeping refuges was above 90%, but that by 2008 approximately 25% of Bt corn farmers did not keep refuges properly, raising concerns that resistance would develop. Unmodified crops received most of the economic benefits of Bt corn in the US in 1996–2007, because of the overall reduction of pest populations.

1998

Starlink was approved by the EPA for use in animal feed only in May 1998. StarLink corn was subsequently found in food destined for consumption by humans in the US, Japan, and South Korea.

1999

Regulatory agencies assess the potential for the transgenic plant to impact nontarget organisms before approving commercial release. A 1999 study found that in a lab environment, pollen from Bt maize dusted onto milkweed could harm the monarch butterfly.

2000

One strain, called Starlink, was approved only for animal feed in the US but was found in food, leading to a series of recalls starting in 2000. == Marketed products == === Herbicide-resistant maize === Corn varieties resistant to glyphosate herbicides were first commercialized in 1996 by Monsanto, and are known as "Roundup Ready Corn".

The registration for Starlink varieties was voluntarily withdrawn by Aventis in October 2000.

2001

A 2001 report in Nature presented evidence that Bt maize was cross-breeding with unmodified maize in Mexico.

in the absence of a positive control and questions regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, it is not possible to assign a negative predictive value to this." The US corn supply has been monitored for the presence of the Starlink Bt proteins since 2001. In 2005, aid sent by the UN and the US to Central American nations also contained some StarLink corn.

2002

A 2002 review of the scientific literature concluded that "the commercial large-scale cultivation of current Bt–maize hybrids did not pose a significant risk to the monarch population".

2003

A study of these reports found that from 2003 to 2005 farmer compliance with keeping refuges was above 90%, but that by 2008 approximately 25% of Bt corn farmers did not keep refuges properly, raising concerns that resistance would develop. Unmodified crops received most of the economic benefits of Bt corn in the US in 1996–2007, because of the overall reduction of pest populations.

In a swine model, Cry1Ab-specific antibodies were not detected in pregnant sows or their offspring and no negative effects from feeding Bt maize to pregnant sows were observed. In January 2013, the European Food Safety Authority released all data submitted by Monsanto in relation to the 2003 authorisation of maize genetically modified for glyphosate tolerance. === Starlink corn recalls === StarLink contains Cry9C, which had not previously been used in a GM crop.

2004

However, other authors also found evidence of cross-breeding between natural maize and transgenic maize. A 2004 study found Bt protein in kernels of refuge corn. In 2017, a large-scale study found "pervasive presence of transgenes and glyphosate in maize-derived food in Mexico" === Food === The French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee reviewed the 2009 Vendômois et al.

2005

A study of these reports found that from 2003 to 2005 farmer compliance with keeping refuges was above 90%, but that by 2008 approximately 25% of Bt corn farmers did not keep refuges properly, raising concerns that resistance would develop. Unmodified crops received most of the economic benefits of Bt corn in the US in 1996–2007, because of the overall reduction of pest populations.

A 2005 large-scale study failed to find any evidence of contamination in Oaxaca.

in the absence of a positive control and questions regarding the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, it is not possible to assign a negative predictive value to this." The US corn supply has been monitored for the presence of the Starlink Bt proteins since 2001. In 2005, aid sent by the UN and the US to Central American nations also contained some StarLink corn.

2006

In 2012, a Florida field trial demonstrated that army worms were resistant to pesticide-containing GM corn produced by Dupont-Dow; armyworm resistance was first discovered in Puerto Rico in 2006, prompting Dow and DuPont to voluntarily stop selling the product on the island. == Regulation == Regulation of GM crops varies between countries, with some of the most-marked differences occurring between the US and Europe.

2007

A 2007 review found that "nontarget invertebrates are generally more abundant in Bt cotton and Bt maize fields than in nontransgenic fields managed with insecticides.

2008

A study of these reports found that from 2003 to 2005 farmer compliance with keeping refuges was above 90%, but that by 2008 approximately 25% of Bt corn farmers did not keep refuges properly, raising concerns that resistance would develop. Unmodified crops received most of the economic benefits of Bt corn in the US in 1996–2007, because of the overall reduction of pest populations.

2009

Concerns focus on the interaction between GM and other maize varieties in Mexico, and of gene flow into refuges. In 2009 the government of Mexico created a regulatory pathway for genetically modified maize, but because Mexico is the center of diversity for maize, gene flow could affect a large fraction of the world's maize strains.

However, other authors also found evidence of cross-breeding between natural maize and transgenic maize. A 2004 study found Bt protein in kernels of refuge corn. In 2017, a large-scale study found "pervasive presence of transgenes and glyphosate in maize-derived food in Mexico" === Food === The French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee reviewed the 2009 Vendômois et al.

2010

Corn genetically modified to produce VIP was first approved in the US in 2010. In 2018 a study found that Bt-corn protected nearby fields of non-Bt corn and nearby vegetable crops, reducing the use of pesticides on those crops.

2011

Consequently, the regulatory framework governing the approval of transgenic crops does not apply for Clearfield. As of 2011, herbicide-resistant GM corn was grown in 14 countries.

The MON 87460 trait is provided by the insertion of the cspB gene from the soil microbe Bacillus subtilis; it was approved by the USDA in 2011 and by China in 2013. === Maize with increased nutritional value === Research has been done on adding a single E.

2012

By 2012, 26 varieties of herbicide-resistant GM maize were authorised for import into the European Union., but such imports remain controversial.

In 2012, a Florida field trial demonstrated that army worms were resistant to pesticide-containing GM corn produced by Dupont-Dow; armyworm resistance was first discovered in Puerto Rico in 2006, prompting Dow and DuPont to voluntarily stop selling the product on the island. == Regulation == Regulation of GM crops varies between countries, with some of the most-marked differences occurring between the US and Europe.

2013

Another factor was the introduction of more effective pesticides that were applied less often. ==== Sweet Corn ==== GM sweet corn varieties include "Attribute", the brand name for insect-resistant sweet corn developed by Syngenta and Performance Series™ insect-resistant sweet corn developed by Monsanto. ===Drought-resistant maize === In 2013 Monsanto launched the first transgenic drought tolerance trait in a line of corn hybrids called DroughtGard.

The MON 87460 trait is provided by the insertion of the cspB gene from the soil microbe Bacillus subtilis; it was approved by the USDA in 2011 and by China in 2013. === Maize with increased nutritional value === Research has been done on adding a single E.

In a swine model, Cry1Ab-specific antibodies were not detected in pregnant sows or their offspring and no negative effects from feeding Bt maize to pregnant sows were observed. In January 2013, the European Food Safety Authority released all data submitted by Monsanto in relation to the 2003 authorisation of maize genetically modified for glyphosate tolerance. === Starlink corn recalls === StarLink contains Cry9C, which had not previously been used in a GM crop.

The nations involved, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala refused to accept the aid. === Corporate espionage === On 19 December 2013 six Chinese citizens were indicted in Iowa on charges of plotting to steal genetically modified seeds worth tens of millions of dollars from Monsanto and DuPont.

2015

The first generation of GM crops lose patent protection beginning in 2015.

2016

Between 1992 and 2016, the amount of insecticide applied to New Jersey pepper fields decreased by 85 percent.

2017

However, other authors also found evidence of cross-breeding between natural maize and transgenic maize. A 2004 study found Bt protein in kernels of refuge corn. In 2017, a large-scale study found "pervasive presence of transgenes and glyphosate in maize-derived food in Mexico" === Food === The French High Council of Biotechnologies Scientific Committee reviewed the 2009 Vendômois et al.

2018

Corn genetically modified to produce VIP was first approved in the US in 2010. In 2018 a study found that Bt-corn protected nearby fields of non-Bt corn and nearby vegetable crops, reducing the use of pesticides on those crops.




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